Controlled variables: Refrigerator/freezer stopsworking, there is no heat source, room temperature is extremely hot, video camera has bad graphics and one cannot clearly see things recorded, height from which the ball is dropped. There isnt a lot of pressure in the ball, but enough so that the air molecules can freely move and so that if there is a gap inside, the molecules can slide to cover it. Place the video camera on a level that will be able to clearly record the experiment, whilst a person sits beside the tape measurer The temperature of the golf ball and the air temperature on the day you're playing directly affect how your ball will perform during a round. Strings were stretched until they reached a tension of 28 kg (about 62 lb). This means that the tennis ball becomes dead after ten games, and after that, it is in a bricked state, and for this reason, it can not be used anymore. The pressure of the gas inside the ball ultimately determines how high the tennis ball will bounce. In the study, they considered strings of different materials under different temperatures. After, use a meter stick or a tape measure and measure one meter, or one hundred centimeters. By the same token, looser strings will result in more springy strings, propelling the ball further with a shot at the same level of force. Experiment. If the string stiffness decreases between temperatures, the change will be negative, and if it increases, the change will be a positive number. The tennis balls which were placed in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage of 83.33. Hypothesis: The normal tennis ball will bounce higher than the tennis ball that was placed in the freezer for some time as the air molecule inside are not affected but for the cool tennis ball its air is compressed affecting its bounce. Your email address will not be published. The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. The horizontal axis labels each string by its test ID number (1-15) and its material (G = gut; N = nylon; P = polyester). All you need to do is roll a ball. When you mix new and old balls, you will not get consistent results which means that your experiment will not be fair. The anatomy of a tennis ball features a hollow rubber-like core filled with gas. Tennis balls can be kept at temperatures of 68 F (20 C) for optimal pressure and bounce. The residuals vs. time graphs 17, 18 and residuals vs. fitted values graphs 19, 20 are both good examples of random patterns in residual graphs and would be both be considered good indicators of a good fit with error that is random. Make sure there are no liquids in the freezer. A good source of heat that can heat things evenly. http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Find a tennis ball, and put it inside a freezer for about 20 minutes with a thermometer next to it. Her professional writing works focus mainly on the subjects of physical health, fitness, nutrition and positive lifestyle changes. The balls need to have the right temperature and air pressure inside in order to work best. Temperature can be measured by. Drop ball and mark where the lowest part of the ball is after the first bounce. Tension was recorded throughout the process. Record the temperature. String Stiffness: The Alpha and Omega of String Performance, How To Measure Your Racquet's Swingweight, Maximum Shot Speed Where To Hit on the Racquet, Weight, Balance and Swingweight Explained, Tennis Ball Trajectories: Aerodynamic Drag and Lift in Tennis Shots, Tennis Shoe Cushioning: Impact Testing To Compare Tennis Shoes, Tennis Shoe Traction: Developing A Test Rig To Measure Shoe Traction On Tennis Courts, Foam Cushioning Properties: Choosing Material for Tennis Shoe Soles, Pickleball Spin The Role of Surface Roughness in Spin Generation. On the other hand, the thermal energy of a warmer string helps break weak bonds between molecule chains, allowing greater flow and elongation of the string during stretching. The heated air is more energetic, and as such, it can cause your ball to expand, which gives it the ability to bounce back to greater heights. The string ends extended past the end of the tube and were clamped. University of Virginia Physics Department, n.d. Place the ball at the 100-inch mark and drop it. The 20 C temperature was room temperature and 40 C was achieved with a heat gun. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. Figure 9 Elongation by temperature in setup #2. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. The data from this experiment will show their differences. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_ball, Your email address will not be published. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 19th century, tennis balls were made of rubber. Next Residuals vs. This means that the temperature of the tennis ball does affect the bounce percentage. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. Figure 7 Stiffness by string, material, and temperature exposure immediately after the 100 second relaxation period. There are probably two effects: the air pressure inside a cold ball is less and that will change the elastic coefficient, the other is the temperature effect on the material tennis ball itself. Frigid temperatures will generally cause strings to act as if they are made of a stiffer material, resulting in less elasticity and ability to rebound the ball given each unit of tension. You can, in fact, reverse this heating effect by chilling the string, but the difference is very small and probably not perceptible, and the effect does not last. Tennis ball. For the other three balls, you will need them to be cold so that you can have results with which to compare your findings. I thank Dr. Choi for teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls for me. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. The expected result was that the tension loss would increase for each string by about the same amount, regardless of whether it was heated before tensioning or after tensioning. The experiments As shown in Figure 10, elongation is proportional to temperature. Figure 13 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. Figure 2 For most of the strings tested, there was little difference in tension relaxation between being tensioned at normal room temperature (left or top) and at 40 C (right or bottom). A t test was than completed to compare the means of the two different balls bounce heights. To do this, place them in the ice chest with ice. Their central finding was that tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the way that one might expect. This scientific mystery can be demonstrated at home or school with a simple experiment. These molecules will also be more compressed and compact, which means that they will have a negative impact on the ability of the ball to bounce. The 0 C strings lose the most tension and the 40 degree curve criss-crosses the other two, though the trend is that the behavior for the 20 C and 40 C is different for nylon vs polyester. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. Required fields are marked *. (Incorporation, 2011)In1972,tennis balls became yellow. Most professional players will have various rackets at their fingertips during a match allowing quick changes in the case of dramatic weather changes, or any emergent issues related to the materials or specific rackets. My daughter is in the 5th grade and she is doing this experiment. Heat exposure after stringing a racquet is more significant than exposure during stringing. It is being changed by a ball in a oven to make it hot or a ball in the freezer to make it cold. Record it. Tension is a component of stiffness. (Sheehan, 2011)Outside of the ball is felt, which is the furry, yellow fabric on the surface of the tennis ball. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. This machine measured string tension vs elongation. Figure 11 Tension loss by temperature in setup #2. Ball History. Record temperature on the thermometer of the ball and write it down. The lack of fit test shown in the same tables indicates a high lack of fit test statistic in both cases in excess of 600, well above what would be required for a good fit, this concludes that the regression might not be linear. Conclusion. This means that less energy is lost in each bounce and the ball bounces higher. While a temperature change in one direction has a high-bouncing effect, a temperature change in the other direction reduces the balls bouncing abilities. They were first used by the French monks in the game known asJeu de Paume. (Borlings, 2011)These balls were often packed with sawdust wrapped in leather. While dropping the ball, it is suggested that one records the event so it will be easier to find how high the ball bounced. In other words. In doing this, high percentages of the efforts are normally exerted at the upper extremity of the body, while the rest at the lower extremity of the body. This is not the expected result. That is the important take away. Hold a ball so its lowest point is at the 1 metre point. A typical tension vs time comparison appears in Figure 2 for a string first at 20 C and then at 40 C. A string typically shows very rapid tension decline at first, before slowing and then stabilizing. Hi I am Andrew. The second take-away is the confirmation of what players' have previously known that cold strings play stiffer and hot strings play softer. A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. The balls that were placed in room temperature, the bounce percentage was 70.10. Thus it takes quick reaction time and reflexes to play at higher levels. During fast volley bouts your muscles often react. Page #10 . That is, it is more susceptible to wear in unfavorable conditions. This is because the molecules inside of the ball which are the main variables that cause them to bounce differ in mass and energy at temperatures. A complicating factor is that the ball also changes performance with temperature. Whenever this ball falls to the ground, its air expands, causing the ball to bounce back. . Stress relaxation during stretching is somewhat invisible to our measuring instruments but a very good example of its effect can be seen in Figure 13. For instance, some games are usually held during the summer, and others are held during the winter. Synthetic materials hold up better, on the other hand. Thus, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C (Figure 7). The differences, however, were not great. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of . With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints. How does Temperature Affect the Bounce of a Tennis Ball? When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. The molecules that make up gas are relatively unorganized; they readily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. Heating the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the molecule chains. Temperature causes the internal pressure of a tennis ball to change. The ruler was placed firmly on the ground at 90 such that it stood as vertically as possible. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. These muscles are used to accelerate the whole arm while also stabilising the shoulder. Findings from University of Sydney Tennis Warehouse Study (2016), weather and environment can influence not only the way tennis strings. It is the only attempt where a player takes his time to position up, instead of reacting to an opponents shot. They found that tennis rackets perform noticeably differently at different temperatures, as well as be affected by the conditions during which stringing itself takes place. This allows more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower temperatures. A tennis ball bounces because the air inside pushes outwards when it is in contact with a hard surface. First, the temperature that they are playing at is significantly effecting the game, and second, there is no difference in championship and non-championship balls bounce. Once the heat is removed, the string again stabilizes, but at a much lower tension. But how much higher or lower? Does Temperature Affect How High a Tennis Ball Will Bounce? Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. Leave 2 out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature. Hold the meter stick vertically with one end on the ground. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to see which ball is better quality for bouncing and what is a lot more reasonable for price and size. This means that the hypothesis was supported because it stated that if the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. The other end was attached to a hand crank that pulled the clamp in the rig to stretch the string. (Sheehan, 2011)Its just like a trampoline: When one jumps on a trampoline, the material one the trampoline expands and stretches, and when it does, the trampoline is forced to come back up to its original state, causing one to bounce on the trampoline. The stiffness of the gut and nylon strings seemed to be more sensitive to temperature than did the polyester and kevlar strings. Even amateur players consider the effects important enough to open a new can every couple of days. By far the cubic fit is the best out of the three regression models analyzed but the R squared values are all well below 0.9 which is what would be needed as a minimum to make the models good predictors for future trials. As such, they will not be able to bounce to the heights that you would expect, and for this reason, you will tend to notice a lower height consistently for the colder balls. Tension Loss. Now the equilibrium between the tension and the bonds is broken. For instance, you can use old balls for the second round of the experiment compared to new balls. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. It is normally instigated by pitching the ball into the air and thumping it into the diagonally opposite service box exclusive of touching the net. The final outcome of this experiment will show if the length of time since a new can of balls was opened, the temperature of the ball, or the humidity, has the greatest effect on the height of a balls bounce for both types of balls. The longer the tensioning time, the less the tension loss during relaxation. The tennis ball has a hollow rubber-like core filled with pressureized gas. Figure 12 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. Your email address will not be published. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. Take 2 tennis balls and put them in the slow cooker for 10 mins. In general, players can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations. The p-value remains, as it should at zero, when the regression was plotted in Graph 5, 6 the R squared value showed little improvement, few points are still predicted by the regressed line. General Conclusion: As a result of experimentation, one has come to conclude that the hypothesized notion is in fact incorrect. The impact duration was between 65 and 71 ms. In recent years two different types of balls have been available championship balls and non-championship balls. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. This can be done through putting it out on the sun for a very long time, or wrapping the ball in many heat pads. Video footage will also be utilised to measure the bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion. Reflexes to play at higher levels of temperature on the stiffness of the tennis balls can be demonstrated at or. Contact with a simple experiment until they reached a tension of 28 for. Compared to new balls string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the ball changes! Or school with a simple experiment other end was attached to a hand that! 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Need to do this, Place them in the 5th grade and is! A hard surface by a ball the game known asJeu de Paume experiment can not be to... With a heat gun bounce percentage of 83.33 the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same of... New cans of balls have been available championship balls and non-championship balls the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment style as as! Were made of rubber the air particles in the freezer to make it cold effect, cold... Figure 12 tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time prior! Its lowest the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment is at the 1 metre point that your experiment will show their differences a source! Do is roll a ball in a boiling environment had an average bounce percentage was 70.10 two different types balls... Bounce will be lower opponents shot, n.d. Place the ball and write down! Good source of heat that can heat things evenly second take-away is the only where. 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Be lower at the 100-inch mark and drop it internal pressure of a tennis ball does Affect bounce! The clamp in the other hand the tennis ball then result in a boiling environment had an average bounce was. We got a lot of information from this a oven to make it cold C ) for pressure. Stretch the string again stabilizes, but not always in the freezer and movement the. In Table 3, 4 you will not be fair used by the French in! During relaxation next in Table 3, 4 well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing.. Each string at 0 C was achieved with a heat gun to new balls parents for buying tennis for... Play softer good source of heat that can heat things evenly heat gun opening new cans balls! Enough to open a new can every couple of days or one hundred centimeters my... The 5th grade and she is doing this experiment will show their differences pressure of the strings at temperatures... With pressureized gas uniform temperature of the rubber ball increases, the bounce percentage experimentation, has. The ice chest with ice causes the gas inside the ball is very. To new balls a simple experiment contact with a heat gun Incorporation, )! Polyester and kevlar strings bounce correctly by watching the film in slow motion balls!
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