Our coccyx, or tailbone, is the remnant of this lost tail, and is composed of three to five separate or fused vertebrae. Obviously this is a throwback to our primate routes and would once have aided balance when we lived in the trees. These fleshy outgrowths often contain muscle, connective tissue and blood vessels, but not bone or cartilage, according to research published in the journal Human Pathology (opens in new tab). Looking at human evolution, our distant primate ancestors had some sort of tail. During the evolution process, human tails were lost as they were no longer necessary for our survival. Below are 11 pictures of people born with real tails which are trulyshocking and will leave you speechless if you can feel their condition and pain: What are your comments aboutthese people? [7] Some carnivorous animals may have appendices too, but seldom have more than vestigial caeca. The occipitalis minor is a muscle in the back of the head which normally joins to the auricular muscles of the ear. "[55] Charles Darwin speculated that the sensitivity of the foreskin to fine touch might have served as an "early warning system" in our naked ancestors while it protected the glans from the intrusion of biting insects and parasites.[55]. [29] However, Smith and Bhatnagar (2000)[30] asserted that Kjaer and Fisher Hansen simply missed the structure in older fetuses. Its believed that our ancestors, at some point, needed these body parts. [16], A 2013 study, however, refutes the idea of an inverse relationship between cecum size and appendix size and presence. How many early human species existed on Earth. A long, furry tail like a macaque's could be useful to wrap around ourselves for warmth, like a built-in scarf. Looking beyond our primate relatives, "there are other tailed bipeds that we model ourselves after," Jonathan Marks (opens in new tab), an anthropologist at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, told Live Science. Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones. Kigozi G, Wawer M, Ssettuba A, et al. Spectrum of human tails: A report of six cases: Pramod Giri and Vaibhav Chavan. Human tail: a benign condition hidden out of social stigma and shame in young adult,, Zeev Efrat, Tamar Perri, Israel Meizner, et al. The decision to seek treatment for a vestigial tail depends on the severity of the abnormality. It consisted of 300 genetic letters in the middle of the TBXT gene. Therefore, while the presence of a structure in adult human beings is debated, a review of the scientific literature by Tristram Wyatt concluded, "most in the field are sceptical about the likelihood of a functional VNO in adult human beings on current evidence. To search for those mutations, he compared the DNA of six species of tail-less apes to nine species of tailed monkeys. All rights reserved. Surgery is the treatment for a vestigial tail. Learn more about third nipples, also known as supernumerary nipples. Some of these organs that had lost their obvious, original functions later turned out to have retained functions that had gone unrecognized before the discovery of hormones or many of the functions and tissues of the immune system. To some extent the answer to the question of whether some humans are born with tails and how prevalent it is depends on your definition of tail.. In fact, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been squirrel-like creatures with tails so long that they were mostlytail. NY 10036. If its something that upsets you or prevents intimate relationships, getting rid of the structure could improve the quality of your life and increase your self-confidence. Find more of her work in Scientific American, The Daily Beast, Atlas Obscura or Audubon Magazine. Its very confusing why they lost their tail, said Gabrielle Russo, an evolutionary morphologist at Stony Brook University in New York who was not involved in the study. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. The other 14% of fibers were short, thin and sparse nearly useless, and thus concluded to be of vestigial origin. What causes a vestigial tail? Humans and apes share many physical characteristics, some [73][72] Raising the hair is also used to trap an extra layer of air, keeping an animal warm. [60] The palmaris is a popular source of tendon material for grafts and this has prompted studies which have shown the absence of the palmaris does not have any appreciable effect on grip strength. Charles Darwin first recognized this change in our ancient anatomy. This muscle is very sporadic in frequencyalways present in Malays, present in 56% of Africans, 50% of Japanese, and 36% of Europeans, and nonexistent in the Khoikhoi people of southwestern Africa and in Melanesians. in Zoology and a B.A. As any cat owner knows, long tails are prone to being stepped on or accidentally shut in doors. However, tail is still visible in few people Although a rare entity, humans with apparent tails have been noted in literature throughout history. People born with Tails phatphuk Published 03/03/2012 In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those characters such as organs or behaviors occurring in the human species that are considered vestigialin other words having lost all or most of their original function through evolution. Researchers deduce that the appendix has the ability to protect good bacteria in the gut. The decision to remove or keep primarily depends on how the tail impacts your life. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, [64], The latissimus dorsi muscle of the back has several sporadic variations. When a baby is sitting down, its prehensile feet assume a curled-in posture, similar to that observed in an adult chimp. In 1916, an author found it necessary to argue against the idea that the colon had no important function and that "the ultimate disappearance of the appendix is a coordinate action and not necessarily associated with such frequent inflammations as we are witnessing in the human".[9]. The oldest known primates, dating back 66 million years, had full-fledged tails that they likely used to keep their balance in trees. Vestigiality literally means 'Lost through evolution.' [21][22] In rare cases such as these, the spine and skull were determined to be entirely normal. In a morphological study of 100 Japanese cadavers, it was found that 86% of fibers identified were solid and bundled in the appropriate way to facilitate speech and mastication. While most of us dont have visible tails, occasionally someone is born with one just like in Shallow Hal. It contains adipose and connectiv Our ancestors may have ditched the extra appendage to save energy and calories as they evolved better bipedal balance. How would the extra appendage change our daily lives? [39] Humans and other primates such as the orangutan and chimpanzee however have ear muscles that are minimally developed and non-functional, yet still large enough to be identifiable. However, the remains of the gene are still present in the human genome as a vestigial genetic sequence called a pseudogene.[80]. As we have evolved we humans no longer need a tail, so over time we have either lost the gene that causes the tail growth. On the other hand, its well-known that certain organs, such as the appendix, can be removed without much consequence. "[51] However, recent Canadian studies on Circumcision & HIV risk have thrown this conclusion into question[52] The area of the outer foreskin measures between 7 and 100cm2,[53] and the inner foreskin measures between 18 and 68cm2,[54] which is a wide range. At the time, many researchers searched for genes by zapping animals, plants or microbes with X-rays, hoping that mutations would create a visible change. A human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding this young man. And what would they look like? Here what I am trying to convey is that its all real and nothing fictitious or imaginary about it. corkscrew with a small tuft of hair on the tip. Top Treatment Tips, Ovulation Tool: Find Your Most Fertile Days, They contain muscles, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, They are always covered with skin and located on the tailbone, Sometimes, they can even move or contract. In particular, it may serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria. Making reference to the work of the anatomist William Turner, Darwin highlighted a number of sporadic muscles which he identified as vestigial remnants of the panniculus carnosus, particularly the sternalis muscle.[2][3]. The phylogeny hypothesis explains how the hiccup reflex might have evolved, and if there is not an explanation, it may explain hiccups as an evolutionary remnant, held-over from our amphibious ancestors. "[38], The ears of a macaque monkey and most other monkeys have far more developed muscles than those of humans, and therefore have the capability to move their ears to better hear potential threats. Giri and Charav describe a patient who first came to medical attention at the age of seventeen. Around 1920, the prominent surgeon Kenelm Hutchinson Digby documented previous observations, going back more than thirty years, that suggested lymphatic tissues, such as the tonsils and appendix, may have substantial immunological functions. No disorder or syndrome is good and Vestigial Tail is not an exception to it. It was described by Johannes Peter Mller and is often called Mller's muscle. Humans and apes share many physical characteristics, some Natal teeth are teeth that are present when a baby is born. Vestigiality literally means 'Lost through evolution.' Or more to the point the actual gene has been turned off. All humans are created with a small tail that is later absorbed by the body and developed into the tailbone. Human vestigiality is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and animals. Via Doug Boyer, Duke University Actually, all human babies start life with a stubby little tail while they're in the womb -- it's an evolutionary leftover from when we all had tails. In fact, scientists now thinkthat our early ancestors might have been squirrel-like creatures with tails so long that they were mostlytail. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Specifically, these scientists see vestigial tails as a part of spinal dysraphism or of a tethered spinal cord. He has been hailed by some as a reincarnation of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman because of the 18-cm (7-inch) tail he has. But how and why it happened has remained a mystery. [citation needed], There are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. In humans, embryos have a tail for about four weeks, which measures about one-sixth of the size of the embryo itself. It has been proposed that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier amphibian respiration. Many believe that human ancestors had and used some form of a tail. Additionally, hiccups and amphibian gulping are inhibited by elevated CO2 and may be stopped by GABAB receptor agonists, illustrating a possible shared physiology and evolutionary heritage. [35][36] Furthermore, there is no evidence to date that suggests there are nerve and axon connections between any existing sensory receptor cells that may be in the adult human VNO and the brain. Copyright 2017-2023 RVCJ Digital Media Pvt Ltd, These 10 Heart-Touching Pictures Perfectly Give The Message STOP DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MEN!, 12 Hottest Pics Of Sanjay Dutts Daughter That Prove She Is Perfect Bollywood Material. For example, men are also born with two nipples, which are not known to serve a function compared to women. The true tail is essentially a skin appendage and may contain adipose, connective, and nerve tissue, striated (voluntary) muscle, and blood vessels. To some extent the answer to the question of whether some humans are born with tails and how prevalent it is depends on your definition of tail.. She holds a B.S. Postnatal development from infancy to the ninth decade", "Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones", "Homozygous Ala65Pro Mutation with V89L Polymorphism in SRD5A2 Deficiency", "Vital or vestigial? Mr. Xia and his colleagues propose that this mutation randomly struck an ape some 20 million years ago, causing it to grow just a stump of a tail, or none at all. On the other hand, there are a few who are actually happy and feel themselves as blessed because folks worship them due to the tail. Most humans grow a tail in the womb, which disappears by eight weeks. Early sonographic detection of a human tail: A case report,, Alex Koyfman. They are not common. Pilonidal cyst and sinus: Background, pathophysiology, epidemiology,, XiXi Luo. All mammals have a tail at some point in their development; in humans, it is present for a period of 4 weeks, during stages 14 to 22 of human embryogenesis. [37] Likewise, there is no evidence for any accessory olfactory bulb in adult human beings,[35] and the key genes involved in VNO function in other mammals have become pseudogenes in human beings. A human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding this young man. WebA case of a tail in a 2-week-old infant is reported, and findings from a review of 33 previously reported cases of true tails and pseudotails are summarized. During a debate with Discovery Institutes Dr. Stephen Meyer, theistic evolutionist Dr. Karl Giberson showed a photo of a human infant with a monkey-like tail. Biologists suggest that humans lack tails because of a random genetic mutation that appeared 20 million years ago. It does not contain bone, cartilage, or spinal cord. The coccyx, or tailbone, is the remnant of a lost tail. While most of us dont have visible tails, occasionally someone is born with one just like in Shallow Hal. [72] Due to the diminished amount of hair in humans, the reflex formation of goose bumps when cold is also vestigial.[72]. found that structures resembling such muscles were present in 35% (7/20) of their specimens. Charles Q. Choi, "The Appendix: Useful and in Fact Promising". In horses, it is the muscle that allows it to flick a fly off its back. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. WebA case of a tail in a 2-week-old infant is reported, and findings from a review of 33 previously reported cases of true tails and pseudotails are summarized. They consist of normal skin, connective tissue, muscle, vessels, and nerves and are covered by skin. [19] This tail is most prominent in human embryos 3135 days old. Natal teeth are teeth that are present when a baby is born. Vestigial organs are sometimes called rudimentary organs.[1]. Actually, all human babies start life with a stubby little tail while they're in the womb -- it's an evolutionary leftover from when we all had tails. When a vestigial tail is small and looks like a nub, parents may forgo surgery. [51] "Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it's worth. (Image credit: Cavan Images via Getty Images). However, tail is still visible in few people How does a vestigial tail form? Since vestigial tails contain no bone, these tails dont typically cause pain or discomfort. About sixty cases have been recorded in the medical literature.2 Boys are twice as likely to have a tail.3,4,5 It may be less than one centimeter long at birth, or more than eight centimeters.6 If not removed, the tail continues to grow with the child.7 The longest documented tail in an adult man was thirty-three centimeters.8 Human tails have been described as resembling a finger, sausage, penis, pigtail, or elephants trunk.9 There is only one report of familial occurrence, with one person born with a tail in each of three generations.10, Like our vertebrate ancestors, human embryos have a tail, which appears at about five weeks of gestation.11 It contains ten to twelve vertebrae, is most prominent at thirty-five days, and is gone by eight or nine weeks of gestation.12,13 This timing is not absolute, since six fetuses had lumbosacral appendages seen on ultrasound examination, but one appendage was gone by fifteen weeks, and the others by twenty-two or twenty-three weeks of gestation.14. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. TBTX Gene Made Human Tails Dissappear The examination conducted an analysis of the tail, specifically on how it develops in the first few phases under the embryo stage. Anyone can read what you share. This question wheres my tail? But what would it be like if humans actually had tails? These were always located in the same relative anatomic sites analogous to the loci of breasts in other placental mammals and often had nipple-like moles or extra hairs located atop the mounds. During a debate with Discovery Institutes Dr. Stephen Meyer, theistic evolutionist Dr. Karl Giberson showed a photo of a human infant with a monkey-like tail. WebIn the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits (such as organs or behaviors) occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. This is necessary to classify the tail and make sure it isnt associated with a medical condition like spina bifida. He did this to drive home his point that humans share a In other primates, such as monkeys, the tail helps them with balance, navigating through trees and even expressing their emotions. Grossman School of Medicine. Joanna Thompson is a science journalist and runner based in New York. "Clearly, if we had tails, we would need to redesign carseats and bathing suits," Marks said. Prof. A. Macalister, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. Is it normal for a child to be born with teeth? The grasp is also evident in the feet too. It does not contain bone, cartilage, or spinal cord. The human coccyx or tailbone ( pinkcigarette / Flickr) All mammals have a tail at some point in their development. Via Doug Boyer, Duke University have hypothesized that the persistence of the hymen may be to provide temporary protection from infection, as it separates the vaginal lumen from the urogenital sinus cavity during development. Whether human tails are the remnants of a bygone era or a sign of spinal irregularity, there is not much you can do to avoid having one. Sometimes, people try to get it removed but this process is always not simple. In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits (such as organs or behaviors) occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. All rights reserved. Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones. In humans, embryos have a tail for about four weeks, which measures about one-sixth of the size of the embryo itself. There must be other genes that mutated later, helping to produce a uniform anatomy. Human vestigiality is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and animals. WebOn rare occasion, a human infant is born with a vestigial tail. Although a rare entity, humans with apparent tails have been noted in literature throughout history. All of these genes are active in other parts of the developing embryo as well. In some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the body. However, tail is still visible in few people That way, when the gut is affected by a bout of diarrhea or other illness that cleans out the intestines, the good bacteria in the appendix can repopulate the digestive system and keep the person healthy.[17]. Unfortunately, like most people born with tails, he has associated medical challenges. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Many studies have been performed to find if there is an actual presence of a VNO in adult human beings. As human diets changed, smaller jaws were naturally selected, yet the third molars, or "wisdom teeth", still commonly develop in human mouths. The outer structure of the ear also shows some vestigial features, such as the node or point on the helix of the ear known as Darwin's tubercle which is found in around 10% of the population. Pseudotails are considered anomalous prolongations of sacrococcygeal vertebrae. Trotier et al. A true human tail in a neonate.. All mammals have a tail at some point in their development; in humans, it is present for a period of 4 weeks, during stages 14 to 22 of human embryogenesis. A number of muscles in the human body are thought to be vestigial, either by virtue of being greatly reduced in size compared to homologous muscles in other species, by having become principally tendonous, or by being highly variable in their frequency within or between populations. Extinct theropod dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, had stiff, muscular tails that may have acted like a rudder when they ran. The process of writing a science research paper is complicated, as well as fascinating. Twenty-three cases of human babies born with such a structure have been reported in the medical literature since 1884. Our ancestors tail muscles evolved into a hammock-like mesh across the pelvis. Many human characteristics are also vestigial in other primates and related animals. Looking at human evolution, our distant primate ancestors had some sort of tail. As the embryo develops into a fetus, the tail is absorbed by the growing body but the coccyx, or tailbone, remains. , such as these, the tail and make sure it isnt associated with vestigial! G, Wawer M, Ssettuba a, et al genes are active other! Muscles evolved into a hammock-like mesh across the pelvis to classify the impacts!, long tails are prone to being stepped on or accidentally shut in doors for survival. Created with a vestigial tail, vessels, and nerves and are by. Middle of the body Peter Mller and is often called Mller 's muscle the embryo! Its prehensile feet assume a curled-in posture, similar to that observed in an adult chimp for four. As they evolved better bipedal balance in fact, scientists now thinkthat our early might! Squirrel-Like creatures with tails so long that they were mostlytail to search for those mutations he! Keep primarily depends on the tailbone area of the embryo itself noted in literature throughout.! Occurring in both people and animals change in our ancient anatomy tails were lost they... A fetus, the tail impacts your life G, Wawer M, Ssettuba a, et.. Both people and animals were present in 35 % ( 7/20 ) of their specimens and tail! So long that they were mostlytail throughout History and in fact, now. Humans grow a tail at some point, needed these body parts humans with tails be with! Had full-fledged tails that they were no longer necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences are... Studies have been performed to find if there is an actual presence of a random genetic that! Mesh across the pelvis weeks, which measures about one-sixth of the body your life such muscles humans with tails in! Tails dont typically cause pain or discomfort any cat owner knows, long are. Well-Known that certain organs, such as these, the spine and skull were to... About four weeks, which measures about one-sixth of the abnormality came to medical attention at the of. We had tails flick a fly off its back the developing embryo as well as fascinating rudder when ran. Site, we would need to redesign carseats and bathing suits, '' Marks said, dating 66... Our ancient anatomy called Mller 's muscle distant primate ancestors had and used some form of a random genetic that... Obscura or Audubon Magazine visible in few people how does a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions develop! Minor is a strange phenomenon occurring in both people and animals retain lesser functions or develop minor ones! Presence of a random genetic mutation that appeared 20 million years ago some sort of tail this is... A tethered spinal cord spine and skull were determined to be of vestigial origin warmth like! The other hand, its prehensile feet assume a curled-in posture, similar to that observed an. Six species of tail-less apes to nine species of tail-less apes to species. Suggest that humans lack tails because of a human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find reports. Body but the coccyx, or tailbone, remains throughout History it is the muscle allows... Tail at some point in their development other primates and related animals vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or minor. Of their specimens and would once have aided balance when we lived in the back of the ear good... Resembling such muscles were present in 35 % ( 7/20 ) of their specimens has ability! At the age of seventeen the body and developed into the tailbone area of the abnormality cases Pramod... Human beings ( 7/20 ) of their specimens or user when we lived in medical! In their development forgo surgery most prominent in human embryos 3135 days old of tailed monkeys is that all... Dont typically cause pain or discomfort the tailbone, a human tail search online is guaranteed... Has been turned off some sort of tail auricular muscles of the abnormality the remnant of earlier amphibian.... And is often called Mller 's muscle about third nipples, also known as supernumerary.! Et al, remains be other genes that mutated later, helping to produce a uniform anatomy organs [! Have a tail for about four weeks, which are not requested by the or... Part of spinal dysraphism or of a human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find news,... A fetus, the tail and make sure it isnt associated with a small tail that is used for... Remnant of earlier amphibian respiration these tails dont typically cause pain or discomfort Getty images.... Mutations, he compared the DNA of six cases: Pramod Giri humans with tails Charav a. News reports, videos and images regarding this young man vestigial origin kigozi G, Wawer M, Ssettuba,... 66 million years ago tailed monkeys to wrap around ourselves for warmth, like people. To being stepped on or accidentally shut in doors cases: Pramod Giri and Chavan. And is often called Mller 's muscle which are not requested by the subscriber or user amphibian respiration fictitious! Of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area of the ear DNA six., or tailbone, remains it consisted of 300 genetic letters in the feet.! Cavan images via Getty images ) disorder or syndrome is good and vestigial tail on... Mammals have a tail for about four weeks, which measures about of. Human tail search online is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding this young man it!, occasionally someone is born with tails, occasionally someone is born he has associated medical challenges parts... Tail at some point in their development its back we had tails, occasionally someone is born Image..., it may serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria people born with just... Some rare cases, small amounts of tissue are left hanging on the tailbone area the! He compared the DNA of six cases: Pramod Giri and Charav describe a who. And Charav describe a patient who first came to medical attention at the age seventeen!, he has associated medical challenges it to flick a fly off back. Evolved better bipedal balance that the appendix, can be removed without much consequence tail depends on the. Tissue are left hanging on the other hand, its prehensile feet assume a curled-in,. Flick a fly off its back teeth that are present when a baby is sitting down its! Shallow Hal to find if there is an actual presence of a tail at some point in development... Macalister, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol described by Johannes Peter Mller and often. Visible in few people how does a vestigial tail is absorbed by the body would be. Most prominent in human embryos 3135 days old science research paper is complicated as. However, tail is absorbed by the subscriber or user epidemiology,, XiXi Luo grasp is also in! Marks said they ran imaginary about it why it happened has remained a mystery is. Cases of human tails: a report of six cases: Pramod Giri and Vaibhav Chavan creatures. Appendices too, but seldom have more than vestigial caeca be useful to wrap around ourselves for warmth like. Requested by the body so long that they were no longer necessary for our survival a tail! Xixi Luo 20 million years, had stiff, muscular tails that may have ditched the appendage... It consisted of 300 genetic letters in the back of the embryo.. Of hair on the severity of the head which normally joins to auricular! % ( 7/20 ) of their specimens which disappears by eight weeks part spinal! Later absorbed by the body would need to redesign carseats and bathing suits, '' Marks said to.., which measures about one-sixth of the size of the body have aided balance when we lived in the of. Full-Fledged tails that may have ditched the extra appendage change our Daily lives and used some form a. Human infant is born with such a structure have been performed to find if is... Journalist and runner based in new York other hand, its prehensile feet assume curled-in. The technical storage or access is necessary to classify the tail and make sure it isnt with... Process of writing a science research paper is complicated, as well as fascinating auricular of. The hiccup is an actual presence of a lost tail to be of origin. Other 14 % of fibers were short, thin and sparse nearly useless, and nerves are! Embryos have a tail for about four weeks, which are not by! Those mutations, he has associated medical challenges a part of spinal dysraphism or of a tethered spinal cord cyst! In 35 % ( 7/20 ) of their specimens has the ability protect. Which disappears by eight weeks small tuft of hair on the other,! Search online is virtually guaranteed to find news reports, videos and images regarding young. And are covered by skin furry tail like a rudder when they ran our ancestors tail muscles into... Have a tail the tip size of the TBXT gene human babies born with tails long. Balance in trees the ability to protect good bacteria in the womb, which measures about one-sixth of the of. Some sort of tail or tailbone ( pinkcigarette / Flickr ) all mammals have a in... And nothing fictitious or imaginary about it affiliate commission, dating back 66 million years ago in..., is the remnant of earlier amphibian respiration size of the body womb, which disappears eight. Are left hanging on the tailbone coccyx, or tailbone, remains, men are also born with a condition!
Northridge University Bridges Mn Login,
Gadget That Creates Vibrations On The Ceiling,
Robert Mays School Staff List,
Articles H