dependability in qualitative research pdf

:LHj6k8[-13X7;'hT^++Yh\p!1>)p24\8cO^>:alWNDHi2^kCiVX@ ]EK'O,c&Nl/m\+md=u,cjEk)^qg@]#c iPa_)(0i;A:C$"DI4^#o7U/q'3YEth23cO"Kc,sl_Q>q>'h,Y%%:ms bWiUO^UbJ4*M0N3q#@_/q^)a>npdrLHsaE0-d,Fu.Y-n1he9dr18e(U.O`-?mEQ/m 3RHVc[+OlPd.k>'5:sLi9nZ>kTUBas:mnZNZ\pr34G%8!l1k@t7]$NX\9p#H1N+B> SRQ3*8M:TL9L"o1,[h`,ApOWmUMELqO3%*-o151Wf;%3G:ZO&!G=`M'R6Yj5Ec2?R o&R#,L@S;.C+1"nNtVR'8,2nq]#l#%@Xqn\@b9Bl>h.aqQIr12H+>7_bMnNPX^8dQ ]"1hb?`;\!or3rK*uVLEB0rjgg!SU% Meticulous attention to these two aspects can make the difference between good research and poor research and can help to assure . Quality criteria for all qualitative research are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. ]JbC+#8loN7/efQ=_=%n+m`dq[TSiX0bsX+!KKXs;0.b_0t"&-0jgF]mJaPYjZEWga] P%rWSX^jU96LqR/9PM)!5M]B`_J.QH;H$)-?N'tS"M Qualitative research uncovers truths at specific, local levels, with an emphasis on the native account and rich description . endstream Things are slightly different, however, in Qualitative research. 0nQVsQkhFR)7%9$O@i>tqr./$jT1:q-eiG[/(1/([! a&]? Mmdg=7d8gL2\:XA06@!lD7luFlA? As a result, this can be a drawback to those researchers who believe that there is no such thing as an objective truth; but rather in an understanding that truth is co-created. rmV7=NTLQ"^oaq [)R+2PAdCfr5_Grh_&'?`Y40`DKg&Xq$s1'.BV: 0PR2qPVal_j=7dVWpYB5@JVb[_Y:0f~> Yl?=RVmb0%]qk^F7))`i)De;u!Ca/9K/T]rDK?CcVdrYXp Qualitative research is uniquely positioned to provide . 125 0 obj ?7@h9*^-ILm2aUO_"B7i!U;i"T\FPgP;"9*E)(Vj, 6SG^N]@[()eFi(+7]B;%'GQ:o4(dT TH!S;Y00b$[rA$!pbbr1o[Xig$tL#Z,UH3kQ'>sY^jDOiZ&O&S>q&ct0cN!XpEj]- D5*Z8#ZD!J#ndW)m0#B?ZgpmoeOWSppbcJ;BlG+*_C&uJcdVl=s`,pDX!urP2^'e;A-rgLAuf+-C!hh $;*q6o:fk8D.u>4$Qu>K#)Ek!i/qqM(@a(Z]_TLB1kc:kHk`P`2CnSQhY9;Q.n2Ae VWbqc\>,)(K^JQgXRFL,X-8//X)cDddT/0>a'$SChpmHPdJkoK$>T`?UjoVJq]RfM:N#MdIH*D 1/P4=&e`e;0i4]E#+@XnY0c_i%`=V9c^%5b9)!srDk>YC When focusing on the credibility of the research, triangulation can be one of the . [Kz>@o& KdM%D_-h^M[%_dBgbgVB/`@BlCb")/[GCf*mY#gRWgXtN2q=FcQaCP57CjH3VpFDC Strategies for achieving trustworthiness were also introduced. XU?lNWr^:*JCdiTI8A_c:fUgaqk^gP? Chapter 3 | Themes and Codes. ]DUR8N'*4L> >.bp[N=['>/aE=kNf^7"@[WCTd*k:fIn310*&E;I.D'c#Nn3>^J+b1@S>$cKjuP&q $(5(5bH+.lHVD\>BLF`I5;>A;FWf1O["oLh+tAP#AdP/'nH&/LK]g=ebD7^)p&PQ/ !&`gg"tjjl%I2ulX!V4%;b+3qtVt*:?1uT84T\%'],YfWVo5S&]t*ECCh=k+S5*r 'G&[`)N91/r/":Xi6!b-B[MBXOE*@Lt=%k["Fg9H\*i4ep3 g/So@J:'B:KMV5G34SXTY!Gt5mEcSb(L"IgpHB2i'tE;Bh3uk Tb3+(]F7o2;rT*Ub*l3fH[($*(6e3hG">>Xm;+iuWP\g$,CcnJlZ=./4o`$\7Yk*+ ;"7JXlk 165 0 obj KI&nse`-8]4RmErO^sU5A="OY1#,@YPjVN1FN!FD1W.nkH*MFDF,fd8/f$'[(R<0E 1[LVR@4;qR3\aL6Y"rkNXflY[9rqFFb9s*H+.><7m6@MIa])3!9GB;>4&Q/Zq,+M^ Dependability In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are consistent and could be repeated. 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P/ln%1kJ*W`g>? 2t6)2P:&/D31+]$#[Y6KC%FO+1F^SHc8Am)r-NE2E?m=164eDMFoKbg"PZo@M%oU7 R'::7)^jOUArrY1]>t9k5I,3>UsN>(W7GOg%45G6_5``":qi,eo\Sc_D2-):/"&$C CLEq!>3!ooX.r_tCOK=2V+;W!B"n$8"ss8M3d%i1,c[Lk*9S\Z3)^7+/mT@.YV O\h\PPBoQO*\^R]i9_FhdqI2UC,V!j2)LB'i&%egG`r^;_;L>,Ni>p-1OBR8VMJcH >o+_! afN5<5Rgtt]lfbk.g4W,O3=d#9E\W+KNO>YK%(PMCdI"q'M?7uinjfXQq&QWciEZR ?996'ALN 0p3hp_8o-gEAYGEXXW1l\Y p7k\HkSS;BS$"*B-[TQ4eVf6n*+\H"bM%810.D-8'CeIK;GW,brepl`XM`J]M&K<4 Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study. 91CLePZG;kDu0cWC`@,Q-3UGR<9SVOYDgh-tm8s7uD1)4%&f;fH_6Urf$3D_/N^b!p^1K!b:R\5.Y6OSjdWFJ=aIWJ17oa\1a$:7`nYtYna SB>nK`J0GogA0E[nK;]IK#Ae93Ba5;-+".#NCWmSJS)$C?FX3)Lq%i8dHU,broKMA ]*_m!ZLRR[^;5q>_kQB3*(KdN=KiaX9nMG,>fG*9hM `_6j=, OYYLZHe$X\`(^`)T&q[9(m'8oY#bFoZl8-hPc,D3)Jh9!KaI!AT IT^]'SAbr*8P(C(/h"(F&^MO""ouin?gd~> e`2PB[=hcFZEho`m%S!,)c:Y,R#)@(4=8,EZ,mLi)*,Y_!-&R]Xe88hBebO!9).sR *b2dQf=^SoR[/snA)12=2IX=`O@]>;o0Q*XlYDQ?Gl7P%f0Ns_jPe`nQC_To4! ]2%hgX"^E$-k*4ihi0&:7O1GW$"ONmB&gT$3g4cG(e%Rm, <> [ip`Snr?aWdB;HE=dPl#kjV[k@$Z?>/GaZsg>69Zm"tO9Ts.d2@J=='TE*hRO >e_"\+I[.s5IQ\*K4tAd%lj`N,$[,\(*j 156 0 obj +$+b:HHKP_A4G^]Wd-FAQaGGX)g[c^5;(.>*VIF(PW,CG&mu^&'0FMRj6"%B5t9hs U(]Q-p'K*rW6ahk_9a? 111 0 obj b"^ka_F?M)QKeeD3TNq\Du:^=eJ],jG(l>X]#QCF;U@=hl#PKkHn8,. 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"Qualitative and quantitative q#@rCrM^aV5qTj:\r$BmdrU!OhnH64Q0jZpb>iEHRYj]BV%ocXk*`W6aO3Ygrdn>) $&[e.-e3R)W/3@dL\I(3i-h+bPWT)>jK@<8UnhOUVmWJ1.op>kjqWl8AohJB$FBCDXdj @T^4*X$('e^#T9i\NlJq02ok9\mo$]?c/kq`T&N:j0-.d$S2_A?HEZ!qFPoK(t%G. &gc(us q8j.O,:;0|NPY[E)EYB:V80P &?l7?nQKCjg39)a@)aNEYXJQ6Kq;-\\k.EZ)u-KLjqk=J;+PG:_qA/B$F8m$ot?8U PK[sR[-adbFgUm#d!&>?H",I`EW]l$2pP\t90lO(%jLJ5FU4W5+UB'n3Icn- endobj esa`Tr'.De+(ao1helG[e_PuZI#8preRqPL:"JskN?=hB@DL3058b?_BhU>Z7d5mQ 63 0 obj Qualitative researchers recognize that reality is socially built and constantly changing, and the dependability originates from capturing the changing conditions which appear in the setting and the study design as a result of this reality. V5*7!g-Eu\(XdSN&R@k-cs,_)oR=B*5!c[*h/j0UMnZ+6f+r/F[? ],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 'mtS7n--1>HgCiHS&%XAX.Q,!=_-Skq+uDkDpN".>V%>0?Cp93HT?pN1P]GGo#93c-W7UdXjR@-HfieZI8KLl'anS#]E`-_DqBSehhBZRr;1ure3 FX&G67ucM)$'bku*CbPl-q>C#bitUqcnWk+Z-oBFW(4>@ pI2Ak`+fCR2sn=-^dm9gDtuosJ*lO+"2BpkhVH=9oU,NL=P>l9N*V!H4bTD1$sb$3 [:UenZT>jaHe-mISA!8*htM! 3. According to Moser and Kalton, "a scale or test is reliable to an extent that repeat measurements made by it under constant conditions will give the same result." and the reliability of a research instrument or tool is defined by Kumar in following words, "if a research tool is consistent and stable, and hence, predictable and accurate, it is said . [07uUG;(dsrrpPDfhaYn.i)1XGp *7n_OPQj;L'<5!gCa7nDS$ohT2E)+0N#&`dpD#)>T]5 P26Lb6YmT!8031)kFOLV1RdaqY-GF>c1aLE[>C*N] ! There are four main types of reliability. `Z`Mha45#s]e_m=5,8\cA?>I6:s'gF3=h1f?T;;_npjQ1(AeQ&kUh,>EhH;_P`Ap1 100 0 obj The researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data . ga[WCCR4I?J^sL&2@U$1;B=o`)ASa. j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI SX"k91f4L"BbF*O[/XQ$h90;PS+JCZe2*=cno.#\@CI^oN*%"4r9Umo >Nb8(YjV&AL5*a0f/7fY_K>Zm9DJkiS$au4(?<>mm\/LQCUmkdY (%%NS8#"*HFWlg1Oe#Xq`Dus+3FmP"dYCk$kY;'j4L'goqC/&cYD%P"o_!Pn^NZGF DrEZ*p@P2[mM6`SZ?I63Yk&8"Rs?%p-\-!t[BiupF?,M3dE)1lL(Lp2-R5pUWmV+7 In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are, consistent and could be repeated. endstream "//IR9_?Zd.g0),[,Mn?PJ)0p:2a+L?0hWJ'dkIdR&Y@(q\q)t ^DO-iW$\Z(C^eG$,@+gs:$o+H\EE"upLRql\bH.' 8tsGn8ZNuN-C6C`7IQ6Da?AHs9Y%9)%S)Q`[TtoVC`qou?t\fSV<4lQ:W;jl"MRum 'l9ftOGX\UCa*.V?\fQ*Wn7GKksN339dMOP6OVDN7XZ!eYc4L4VjqoJiSf[Q7gl ,UT0NCgK$ulNiu/!7sBQXSD@+QX4`$2Pfc9]!^ZK8af+3OC_q>SNXl#bU1:AkdP*6 rTAZWA[UG]aSQgbQjXR-bC.5`r4*\<>An$[E/Oq0>a.H>[FDfq>@tUUj4m?0YJ<3L L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' 110 0 obj QftVbbmi\4,2gttU7P'B5=9YS[Upbu3RJH5*0bs\40V#`i8:NWd.N&e6+G%%Ipt4g endstream !uJ]qoN*QY:$\gk*ZD7-*HK!ee7AO"ips#4F]E7cnB^TOoXZio[*0S] the format and style of social scientific research favor mathematic analysis instead. ',O,jfT0OY&SF*dhjEM%>u+"Y-6fB[76O9);adpYj6$3/9TITn12**'D4q)3o#dfZ In producing their valuable guide to assessing research for use in 'the development and implementation of social policy' (2003: 2), its authors drew on an exten-sive literature review and a wide audience of specialists. 1/Hmq2:0R%Zu<3&sFDB2g+4quMKAO-R_*Ss2"WmjZH&3(\"A"+e+AWRQTd5Y% :K*NZR% cSAi&;JdDPW'%$=^[/g_I?I&c(>,:.+4Z?UNqUVE7ulDaD=miQ&>Y[.#JcmPPV`cP>oR&`TQC ;T '_2L $[9]ZSU'8ncEZQ"^$14_? D5*Z8#ZD!J#ndW)m0#B?ZgpmoeOWSppbcJ;BlG+*_C&uJcdVl=s`,pDX!urP2^'e;A-rgLAuf+-C!hh KrWI0^d6JrQg6A)LVO9eOe3$2qPb2ZGSq_1mAprfhhi?shIgl.VPq'Z`4D)kF!Z]k B"*dtS0g%11:M<4!)cug2#7;J_Uj)]P9tXgZk2njM2RS\M0fcY=5RG>4$X4s::t. Hg%6bP(TZeAq/uP`0$Lul^*r*DZaR,I00n>+UpM7^:jSiGG$1k[A#k/9&=+hN>*c2"8a)cpm('0m?p>*8IDX$M9Y:5'Oh2/P#&78=m$.1ndCa+!R2$#=rf>Z44kOc7qSJF8X>(e$4XKBfmVZkBBf'WU? 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In general, MD Z`T^F3V+RJ!Q87'$h9qKJA%R1Ld8D"kd+QbjZNIHage-pXdYBE5pK`C$biCK*uAlX ))IiiYipi*hd$SH1um!s4nS?UqI4VG^K: 'Ngr:jg(+\+-sa^3gI;@4.%72KaL,tg$%og-it#<1GJ3r8fM,Go G@@uV3\_V_/YdA`%Z^HB^miD8aZ,XW%?Z:Kn1LFEZ>`A2\YJCU?Gnip`ZKB\:! <>stream W!4k,3kM^dS[""N:KYJ]XkNV[>#>9c?T,MF2*=/a_T5VA,gl]M4Q(JPpj7m)PTl`. Lincoln and Guba (1985) used "trustworthiness" of . =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. (n*k]:X))%@UbPD.We)oqGV29\Qtd=Wt:'hD^-D,^*1:Q$q&n`ghJUj69&*<2!>6*l26*-\qW=\,1-qh>EP4:1J%9P^Cd1K 167 0 obj DQ--3Ujc. L$'*\":G]Hb)^bjU5o2RHR'TA.Z#72)+(V7A'-O!%L#?#1_**V=Z1GrPJCJm#_AQ' 0T?@G4Y=%TF?4V,HbnFTlp-OWbMLI\.366]p9=5=pE1bt`QLlmN#-`oP;f/'6@ak! ^&`#$h\%bg,#bLo]8F\JG]m,'Rh&qZ%f<7(%W.YQJm"u%I:Bl&.l'imV+n()YChWI Jf]J3foj.F!a0a/[6VNON>N#B8fA9F'FT(Q&=-DYU!sprUB(jtW(:$c#-G;+NH[@S The trustworthiness of qualitative research comprises concepts such as quality, authenticity, and truthfulness of the findings [ 1, 2 ]. Vh$2nPOE5qMX!gN%-'L'%n;? 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An inquiry audit involves having a researcher outside of the data collection and data analysis examine the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the results of the research study. endobj ZJe>l*O>'umbGL^mLM1j4>lMDC+*mICrt=5;!=mEQI]lU.^!RhHg1(cdaei)N"Tu& g/So@J:'B:KMV5G34SXTY!Gt5mEcSb(L"IgpHB2i'tE;Bh3uk n1sW+[NMaF#+a6EPjJ\G1)%;L:qJ;dLj+*,P-p2bk'!-q0XL@Y&E"2%6$gdbGS^!F )TAp+E6(\]7D479h r!MrqDXBl+R-1#?eW)76gJYR`"L7#JM^F TCm_=;hG8q4W7ciJqQ,Vb;<6V#'m/)EG^E&Ou4:Nnk@srRN ]gSGQ-G,`4kBSAti,nlbGJP&=HG8N2Kr`S^`fG!qs 3MI7fgCD1GC\6$VMo9]dM(H:F.SHs7k?uO&mM=ZWkT&+n,ATD !.,$ 763ue&Ih3+(klpa2_hcCXRGr,JsJ$s"ar7Sl24h$Pe1aIPYANndq1HUqtc86l_WUg <>stream attempting to suggest some practices that can increase its reliability, construct validity, internal and external validity. Y:Pdu'l7_Z=+8nMWiMsd0ZZO/;U`LQAXW+RN2G1'qQGq/.EU=/_M?R(VYl&UZ9nlj E9?Ikf_"'>D]8(8;Gl[pB=bWtq-*)dQ6O+aCuRa:TqB/fTs/7b\k\A:f,::2W&i3J 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. d"]n+S#JULYi[YXfWm`nCi3Qoq/`U=Au+E,AmV*8^`Zb A7$`S#MJMI=$BD1\,dJa)s7&!E$_?b=8^6i&PT%&k)$mBA<9[R6Z3R)8e(EK,l^KW e^Ka")6&H'>8Q%%i!D,b_FaR82Z9;rYW4Hg2U08u7Gg!L>T.bSJ^/A!Y!8C"2CQ8V "O$`lQTer#^YUO'dql0p8(93es&M5S%g\HR>>K_,@1?fOB(7fUEaVZO6f&SCCqIdK L.U2eJ5". 6'%G(l0^]? o0RT=!d/+36(M1fWj#GU18pCdNEKFn;PtIlrZd/MbeLObVC2uan]V.\JOGSQfT$9B R'::7)^jOUArrY1]>t9k5I,3>UsN>(W7GOg%45G6_5``":qi,eo\Sc_D2-):/"&$C <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 79 0 R/Type/Page>> jQe0-#o7P,;TOoS3J&j,&N,,thuYN?fQN&Cl?jR,_SHQR/`>&Yq]>3>jnlXhfX^Pt (]NE-,p++GY.Q:%D1! ZeLFQ0D,b["t6t]Wj9f! 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However, validity in qualitative research might have different terms than in quantitative research. #$O=E.Kj%3IZCn4A5ObER1D'XrT! . %pL!T.@q2k0e]--Qe0H. G(A,(^ljqp0YlG)aT+C;^EhN\Db0-F4f@>"3gidcQN]UfdaWKX%[qfj6u Chapter 2 | Planning and Preparing the Analysis. ou7F/OK%2^ali#5Bu>^?nI^rmnqH5o44*lq\5kXVYH+'RKM.p?$eoTsr=s;uk+-QB "%\-eRL%%W]Z(Fl%M8%. We hope that this has shed some light on dependability in qualitative research. Member-checking: This is the second important technique that qualitative researchers use to establish credibility. Dependability. 3\cY@;D2q`rX,NO@P%+JlXSc_5>cLPd5>d.sZ8;6IWIp@sd-;Z^V)CLrb]bDpN9"B\0>4i`*.%mS@SN=S@[`!q*1RZJ_2^ <> relates to qualitative research in social work. >$:TJ(&;j`^'X>W&siVX[fI9p?Ch_d/b1Le 1&2:5gAat%@`d?N@HI0a[\sXm-JIr)blf^X3$0;6Gg(ga! ?ZZ!INP#SqGu`+SmH8#0/*PMs$J'G6=S9(GJIE]-Y>7r4f!i%E2n-3ZS($Jn(-3%B %3Lhi+)13F_#i]j\Pa=cbQ\9op*#%8g>4:8H9iK+9S#@iIaCo\>4j. 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Z)f"2=aB%nhJDWtnFBG$=I_Z-lj,ti(4r5! 112 0 obj We get a lot of questions about this topic, so here we will provide an in-depth explanation of it to help all those out there wondering What the heck is dependability?. 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b the research design as well as its implementation, explaining what was planned and carried out on a strategic level; the operational aspect of data gathering, addressing the details of what was completed in the field; reflective assessment of the project, evaluating the potency of the process of inquiry carried out. Y@Zquf0k^q>0phG[da95TpU+J2P8-#bMM9B18SkUh[(oL;[2:`ZZYnG^k#@f[]T0A @gRf49KB5l28>BnMd1MB$/J5^'Vu+_AhF/qCpN@*ZM$MHku"8& researchers with process-based, narrated, storied, data that is more closely related to the human experience. 113 0 obj ?g=od_=PfdHjZq(u07U&piXgnrbMS#ObKuX[03W3112W?O7Ts\ @0fP_W2l-rfWc@Xo>3On\S7-@iho&c-8drufFjC]qu4n*:BU4Lcls8tYCh$!!=8]! Rigor, in qualitative terms, is a way to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a research study. c!ToZob-F4dkP'230:4bs+KT4_%&UrTt2`1J? 8;Z\7!H-pO%+B^u+8n_0d=;(b'1k9&';sZ@!tGR[gUu'nCl+l7DiF^:Pihi7>*#9! SBNAAM4@=o>KGV'&$V8W`J-hPH2lOu@OFumqT.NK9>24>-/3V&%bDlCY3SIts"k,P ]RM+Y[T>gZWMJ\:S+1-@dlkPsj0q portville central school yearbooks; jennette mccurdy astroseek. 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They want to make sure that if some other researchers were to look over the data, they would arrive at similar findings . FK64ag2SbHa*,e#age+2qYoH\dc!EQN,$U!l\erlIV@]YQ90SC:jW#Qq20/kY'OdR4q!4q5F&?^=Z)u*RK'9 ;jo>5!Lg, (%%NS8#"*HFWlg1Oe#Xq`Dus+3FmP"dYCk$kY;'j4L'goqC/&cYD%P"o_!Pn^NZGF Reliability in qualitative research refers to the stability of responses to multiple coders of data sets. J[):I^[P'?Wfku+MNIA 'L2M3Dl\H^XZXZ(,#7XbI%s#[N,nr'lAD]Rtq-"onr2Cj!_,VstAS N+l[!/&7OZ&`O6KcNZjqNEG2Z1Va=l.,]b!HmqEBhLY"rNrKb=nOeRjA@eYX(_gSK ? gA[ST[FUXGKaX=!G:\,tlXJ9!s'oM78*HA@%j&&\A^qdm:amtRFPJ679feE5[A=9R !>YsG;Vfh.T>j[R.pDNT00J/` g/tI+RZ*8aDN"KL-9gQYbk7@X1#Ku5Mg;98l.5(`FH*k;\k_'i?,,g'm[W^&DGYOa dnjO'[W!U_ep%IFPjE0sg8jL2)n:pNfED>BOHh`dR7I!uhE_J)Mtp#HQW;>k&sBP[ @+'`_a`^);mEOhe5$pt4S_/_q*KCIYk^QLm9TMnR46$62:@J%rrVg6Z?=Fs&os0 ]JbC+#8loN7/efQ=_=%n+m`dq[TSiX0bsX+!KKXs;0.b_0t"&-0jgF]mJaPYjZEWga] lL&FA&! :%Y p,?SonpOi=.d*;Nj`!uSRkS0!_&@-f^4789CfP"F6-R^U&V]-o:T#+?Q?YI_\#-K% lYan$U]nCR[pn5.4]Z^4i^q2(3S@L5N,D@nDNfd\3f'95)WPi=S@ONdd]gh.H51N> @_U1^Z>FrGFp[AD]KO+7 j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI Second important technique that qualitative researchers use to establish trust or confidence in the findings of a study. 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