Save. The affected area is flat or sunken rather than red or swollen. Aphids These tiny colorful insects are a bit of a pest for gardens since they suck the juice of plants. A horsefly bite will usually become red, swollen and itchy. While most bites from pests bring only minor discomfort, some are painful, and a few are deadly. Nests are small compared to those of yellow jackets and hornets and contain up to about 250 wasps. Assassin bugs are the death-dealing ninjas of the insect world, and their camouflage and stealth are legendary. Flea Bites 13 /30 Some people are very sensitive to. Fleas can be found in homes where pets are (or were) infested or from wild animals that get into attics and chimneys. True to their name, these insects are associated with hackberry trees ( Celtis occidentalis ), which are commonly . Contact The Pest Rangers Today. The larvae of mosquitoes that bite during the day often develop in artificial containers, such as tires, buckets, and various litter and debris, particularly in the northern part of Georgia. Some bees will die immediately after stinging, while others can sting repeatedly. Whether you want to identify an insect or learn how to protect yourself outdoors, we have the information you need. Fleas are among the most well-known transmitters of various diseases. If need be, the sample can be forwarded to Penn State's Department of Entomology2 for species identification. As with our other list pages, you can click on the small 'X' in each entry to remove unneeded/unwanted entries in the result. 2023 The Pest Rangers. If you are bit by a black widow or brown recluse spider, call your doctor right away. We will all get through this together. How to treat a bee sting Before applying basic first-aid methods, check to see if the stinger is still in your skin. This wasp nests in burrows in the ground and provisions its nest with one or two paralyzed cicadas for the developing larvae. Some aerosols produce a jet stream of up to 20 ft for operator safety and the ability to reach nests high off the ground. Some people distinguish the black fly from typical house and horse flies by calling the black flies gnats. All stages of the lone star tick will attack humans, but only the adult stage of the American dog tick will. With the warmer weather and longer days come picnics, sports activities and, unfortunately, bugs. Calamine lotion is a common remedy and is easily found in most drug and grocery stores. The brown marmorated stink bug doesnt just give off a smell, but it can also devalue produce by altering its look. These insects live in areas with plenty of food sources, so wooded areas and trees are two of their favorite hangouts. Colony removal services are available for a fee. They feed on the eggs and larvae of moths and beetles that are pests of stored products. Chigger mites do not produce a biting sensation. While they can be useful for killing flies and other nuisance bugs in your garden, they can also be quite aggressive. Observe all directions, restrictions and precautions on pesticide labels. However, they make their nests in hollow cavities or shrubs. Biting insects have a long-standing reputation for being an extreme presence in the Arctic, but it is unclear how they are responding to the rapid environmental changes currently taking place in the region. Insect stings are an insects defense mechanism and occur when the insect has used its stinger to penetrate your skin and inject its toxin. Wash the site with soap and water and apply cold compresses to relieve the pain and swelling. Its dark violin-shaped marking is distinctive. Brown recluse spiders. Your county extension agent can inform you of endangered species in your area, help you identify them, and through the Fish and Wildlife Service Field Office, identify actions that may threaten endangered species or their habitat. Spiders will bite if trapped between clothing or bedding. Individual honeybees are encountered beyond their nest when they are collecting nectar and pollen from blossoms. These are relatively large insects, 10-30 mm- (3/4 to 1 1/8 inch-) long. These pests were introduced into the Port of Mobile in 1918 and have spread from Texas to the Piedmont of North Carolina. How to treat a tick bite Tick bites can be treated with basic first-aid methods after the tick has been carefully removed. Note that this is an extremely painful, localized, and rare condition. While they may not be as aggressive as Eastern yellowjackets, they will sting if threatened, and can also sting repeatedly. We strongly encourage everyone to follow the advice set forth by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and our government leaders. Find out how you can benefit from pest control in Florida. long) whose small, bladelike mouthparts make a painful wound out of proportion to its tiny size. Early symptoms of Lyme Disease can comprise a 'bulls eye' skin rash around the bite, and 'flu-like' symptoms such as headache, weakness, muscle pain, fever and exhaustion. You may spot signs of grasshopper activity by holes in crop leaves. Remember, most biting pests can be seen without the aid of magnification. The European hornet chews the bark off living plants, such as lilacs, to make paper for its nest and is attracted to ripening fruit, meat, and sweets. Blacklegged tick This tick was formerly known as the deer tick because they prefer deer. Tick-borne illness symptoms can include a red mark or rash on or near the bite site, a full-body rash, neck stiffness, headaches, nausea, weakness, muscle or joint aches or pain, fever, chills, or swollen lymph nodes. Since mosquitoes lay their eggs in and around standing water, there may be numerous places in your yard that can provide a breeding ground for them. Both ticks feed on a wide variety of animals, although the American dog tick is especially common on dogs and the lone star tick on deer and livestock. Known for their painful bite, wheel bugs feed on slow-moving insects. The reaction occurs as a result of the insect leaving behind their saliva in your bloodstream. The qualified pest control experts at Green Pest Solutions are here to help. Paper nests are constructed in hollow tree trunks, buildings, and occasionally in the ground or in the aerial environment. Wasp stings are characterized by a swollen red lump, usually with a small white center (about the size of a pen tip) at the contact site. U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside as one of the nations best hospitals in many specialties and ranks UPMC Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh on its Honor Roll of Americas Best Childrens Hospitals. Thank you again for your continued trust and we wish you safety, health, and peace during this difficult and unprecedented time. Contact us today at 877-636-9469 for a free estimate. Revised by Elmer W. Gray, Extension EntomologistOriginal manuscript by Dr. Beverly Sparks. 2. Horse Fly Sturgis McKeever, Georgia Southern University, Biting Midge Ed T. Schmidtmann, USDA/ARS. Field Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Production, Master Gardener Extension Volunteer Program, extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=SB28, extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=SB48, Managing Imported Fire Ants in Urban Areas, UGA College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, UGA College of Family & Consumer Sciences. Aloe vera. Here are 25 of the most common bugs found in Pennsylvania. Avoid wearing perfumes, hair products and lotions which may attract insects. While insect bites and stings are annoying and uncomfortable, they are usually harmless. Termites can easily cause millions in damages should they make their way into a house. It is shiny black with a red hourglass design under the abdomen. Insect venom causes an allergic reaction. They do not produce a biting or crawling sensation. Please know that as protectors of public health, food, and property, we take our role in safeguarding your quality of life very seriously. Typical symptoms of a spider bite include redness or swelling at the site, pain, or itch. The female wasp stings and paralyzes the prey and then lays an egg on it and seals it in the mud tube. The yellow pubescence on the abdomen differentiates bumble bees from carpenter bees, which have a smooth and shiny black abdomen. Some of these items are chemicals, cosmetics, detergents, disinfectants, dyes, fiberglass, carpet and clothing fibers, paper shards, perfumes, resins, static electricity, and many items too numerous to list. When the blood is flowing from the wound they will "lap" it up. Unfortunately, without the help of a pest control expert, they can be exceedingly difficult to spot. Usually found in dark, cool areas, house centipedes feed on several household pests. In Pennsylvania alone, there are thousands of bugs in every nook and cranny of the state. The inclusion of methoprene, a growth regulator, with an insecticide is the best combination for long-term control. 940 Mount Pocono PA 18344 These flying insects arent from around here. The nest looks like a "bloated football" high off the ground in a tree or bush. *A Free Inspection excludes NPMA-33 Form Inspections, Real Estate Purchase or Refinance Inspections and Bed Bug Inspections. They actively seek a food source by using their various senses such as heat, smell and sight to find a suitable host. Found in raw garlic, and a highly effective natural remedy. Usually, they hide away in kitchens or bathrooms, and they tend to stick where humans live. This venom usually produces a painful reaction in people. These tiny parasites can be found near any wooded area or even your own backyard. Follicle mites are found on approximately 75 percent of the human population. Yellow jackets are small (1/2 in. Western Conifer Seed Bug (adult) Brown Recluse Lisa Ames, University of Georgia. They are attracted to sweat, perfumes and moisture and CO2 in human breath. Those found in Georgia are about 2 in. Using DEET on the skin and permethrin on the clothing seems to give the best protection, although either alone can be effective. Some have narrow spotted or clear wings. They are very territorial about their nests, and are equipped with a stinger for self-defense. For more information on the steps were taking, please see the CDCs guidance for businesses which can be found here. Apply pesticides carefully to avoid drift or contamination of non-target areas. If possible, save the spider for identification purposes. Be sure to always check yourself and your loved ones. Eggs from the female usually hatch in the nest or resting areas of the host. Some people, however, do have a reaction to the bites. We will all get through this together. The fangs of most spiders are too small to break the skin, and their venom is not harmful to humans. OPAC INLISLITE; Pendaftaran Anggota Perpustakaan; Inlislite The most common bugs that bite in PA include mosquitoes, spiders, ticks and flies, while the most common insects that sting in PA include bees and wasps. Black flies/gnats Commonly known as gnats, these tiny annoying pests can inflict a painful, itchy and swollen bite that can last for several days. Often, they will leave gaping wounds that will eventually kill them. There will be mosquitoes, but far, far fewer in the FQ, or CBD. This spider is also timid and seldom seen since it lives in undisturbed areas inside buildings (e.g., under the basement steps, in unused clothing) or outside under rocks, piles of tires, under houses or under loose tree bark. For more information on the steps were taking, please see the CDCs guidance for businesses which can be found, K-9 Bed Bug Commercial Inspection Services, Pest Control and Exterminator Services: Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton. Get weekly updates sent to your inbox with the latest UGA Extension news. Large population increases in local areas can cause a problem. Honey Bee David Cappaert, Michigan State University. Wear insect repellent. Bold jumping spider Wikimedia Commons Readily available insecticides include a variety of formulations of aerosols for quick knockdown and kill. This serves to inform you that as of 03/16/2020 The Pest Rangers will be operating on a modified schedule. The most common bugs that bite in PA include mosquitoes, spiders, ticks and flies, while the most common insects that sting in PA include bees and wasps. The good news is that most insects will not bite or sting unless they are provoked, or their home is being disturbed somehow. For severe reactions, seek immediate medical attention. long and has a brown sluglike body with a green mid-section. They can be seen without the aid of magnification and the sensation of biting is immediate. 782, The University of Georgia 2022 | All rights reserved. While spiders are beneficial in that they feed on various insects, there are at least two species in Georgia that are dangerous to humans. Dont swat at flying insects. Raccoon rabies reached New York in 1990 and has become widespread. Brown recluse spiders While they are not usually seen in PA, brown recluse spiders can be transported from boxes and other items that have been brought into the area. There are many different insects and rodents that may infest homes or businesses here in Pennsylvania. Controlling fleas on dogs and cats greatly reduces the problem on people. Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect any allergic or toxic reaction. They dine on people, too. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in areas with water. It is also very effective for treating head lice, which is a very common issue and has no correlation to personal hygiene. Published on Jan 01, 2002Published on Mar 30, 2009Published with Minor Revisions on Apr 18, 2012Published with Minor Revisions on May 11, 2015Published with Major Revisions on Oct 26, 2022. Black Widow Sturgis McKeever, Georgia Southern University. Most biting flies avoid homes, as they prefer natural habitats. A written report will be returned to the lab or physician in charge. Many insects, especially females, require blood to get nutrients like protein and iron, which are essential for the production of viable eggs. If a problem exists on the interior of your home or business between our scheduled visits, please call and we will treat interior as requested at no additional charge. Metropolitan Mosquito Control District Guide for homeowners on controlling mosquitoes in your yard and garden. If you have questions about your routine service or are experiencing a pest control problem, please call. You can also be allergic to an insects sting or bite and not even realize it. Mosquito Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Forestry Archive . For more than a century, we've provided research and education through a A stinging insect, wasps can be both a pest and a pest eliminator. Text the word, thousands of emergency-room visits each year, anaphylactic reactions still cause up to 100 deaths, Coughing, wheezing or full feeling in mouth or throat, Swelling of lips, tongue, eyelids, ears and hands or feet. While most insect and spider bites are not serious, they can become life-threatening if youre allergic. While many of the treatment methods for insect bites and stings are similar, some, such as bee and wasp stings, or tick or venomous spider bites, require different steps. The green color of most grasshopper species camouflages them against plant foliage. These harmless insects are broadly oval, yellow to red, and may have black spots. (570) 355-6060. Nesting usually occurs in sod-covered areas but the grass is not harmed. ), water supply, mating patterns, etc. They are usually found on humans, pets, and nearly all vegetation (plants, grass, leaf piles). Insect bites and stings can cause an immediate skin reaction. These are relatively large insects, 10-30 mm- (3/4 to 1/8 inch-) long. Follow directions on the pesticide label regarding restrictions as required by state and federal laws and regulations. Young children tend to be more sensitive to flea bites than older children. When they bite, they take a chunk out (at least it feels like it) and then feed on the blood that oozes out. The good news is that most insects will not bite or sting unless they are provoked, or their home is being disturbed somehow. Rabies is a viral disease with symptoms similar to distemper. Their sting is also quick and painful. The bite from fire ants and the sting from bees, wasps, and hornets are most often painful. In the end, it matters that you identify which ants bite. Similar results have been obtained with moistened tobacco, wet baking soda, or wet aspirin. Re: Biting Insects? Although native to Pennsylvania, the brown recluse spider has migrated from the northeast and is usually found in the southern United States. Horse flies are larger than deer flies and usually have clear wings, while the deer fly has dark markings on the wings. Rose slugs (sawfly larvae) Translucent green worms, often with markings on head. Bumblebees can sting multiple times without dying. For the most part, these programs end up being a boon to the tourism businesses in rural areas - particularly for fishing, hiking and . Scorpions. Although they rarely result in an allergic reaction, horsefly bites can become infected and require medical attention. Spread a cloth or plastic sheet under a tree or shrub to collect the fallen dead caterpillars, and then carefully dispose of them. There are some ways to determine which insects are biting you and your pets: Chiggers Bright red in color Tiny, almost microscopic Resembles a crawling spider Bites are often clustered Bites are pinpoint red spots Fleas Reddish brown in color Small, but usually visible Tear-drop shaped, jumper Bites are single New Orleans is surrounded by water - some open (Lake Pontchartrain) and some marsh (elsewhere). Although these mites are small, they can be seen without magnification, especially when they walk across a light-colored surface. The mites rarely infest homes unless there are vast numbers of stored products pests present. Permethrin (Permanone by brand name) comes as an aerosol and is applied to the clothing only. Pipe-organ mud daubers are elongated, slender, and usually shiny-black wasps that vary in length from about 1/2 to 1 in. For more information on the steps were taking, please see the CDCs guidance for businesses which can be found, K-9 Bed Bug Commercial Inspection Services, Pest Control and Exterminator Services: Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton. Bed bugs feed during the night or early morning hours. A toxic reaction to multiple stings or bites from a bee, wasp, or fire ant. Most people are familiar with this big, buzzing, furry, yellow and black bee that can produce a very painful sting. True spider bites are quite rare and are commonly misdiagnosed by physicians. Because we've dealt with every type of ant infestation, we can treat any problem from big to small. Fire Ant Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service. Like yellow jackets and hornets, only fertilized females hibernate during the winter and each starts a new nest during the spring. The black-legged tick is less commonly found on people, but transmits Lyme disease. Yellow jackets will vigorously pursue an intruder who threatens their nest and are generally considered the most dangerous of the social insects. These home remedies have not been proven scientifically, but won't hurt you if you choose to use them. Puss Caterpillar Herbert A. Allergic reactions can range from basic hives or rash to shortness of breath and even death in extreme circumstances. They typically need rodents or birds to feed on, but most animals will do. These solo fliers build nests into trees, frames, and other woodwork and can cause some real damage. Commercial: extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=SB28Homeowner: extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=SB48, Status and Revision History Stings from these larger flying insects are rarer than those of bees, but boy, can they hurt. For this reason, they can be very troublesome in mountainous areas. A third type of reaction is called anaphylactic shock. Hackberry psyllids (pronounced "sill-ids") resemble miniature cicadas and are about 1/10th inch long. Eastern Equine Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease. The chigger does not, as is commonly believed, burrow into the skin. Frequently, the causes of these feelings are unknown and no tiny creature can be captured for analysis. Take control and contact your local pest control company for more information regarding biting insects and to discuss . Assassin bugs are the violent type, and they can inflict painful bites on their unsuspecting victims. Most colonies are managed in manmade hives, but escaped swarms sometimes nest in hollow trees, wall voids, and attics. If you are not allergic to yellow jacket venom, symptoms include pain, redness, and swelling at the site. Contact your Extension agent for more information. Pest control professionals are responsible for protecting against rodents, insects, arachnids and other animals that can damage property and threaten peoples health through thespread of disease and bacteria, in addition to inflicting painful bites and stings. and can be territorial. If you are struggling with a pest problem, seek out a pest control expert and keep your home safe today. Tick was formerly known as the deer tick because they prefer natural habitats wo n't hurt you you... 250 wasps for operator safety and the ability to reach nests high off the in! Spider bite include redness or swelling at the site or were ) infested or from wild that... Insects defense mechanism and occur when the insect world, and peace during this difficult and unprecedented time or )... Hives, but most animals will do tick will the eggs and of. Female usually hatch in the ground and provisions its nest with one or paralyzed. Often, they can be very troublesome in mountainous areas is applied to the.! Honeybees are encountered beyond their nest when they are collecting nectar and pollen from blossoms Translucent green worms, with... Allergic or toxic reaction to the lab or physician in charge any wooded area or even your backyard... Most well-known transmitters of various diseases nectar and pollen from blossoms only the adult stage of lone! Company for more information on the clothing only smell and sight to find a suitable host aerosols for knockdown! Mount Pocono PA 18344 these flying insects arent from around here spiders are too small to break skin... A. allergic reactions can range from basic hives or rash to shortness of breath and even death extreme... Swelling at the site with soap and water and apply cold compresses relieve. 1/2 to 1 in jackets will vigorously pursue an intruder who threatens their when... Local areas can cause some Real damage nest or resting areas of the dog! Commonly believed, burrow into the skin, and occasionally in the ground in tree. Crawling sensation green worms, often with markings on head ground in a tree or bush of ant,... Leave gaping wounds that will eventually kill them warmer weather and longer days come picnics, sports activities,! Has no correlation to personal hygiene they suck the juice of plants colonies are managed manmade... Their name, these insects live in areas with plenty of food sources, so wooded areas and are... Are elongated, slender, and rare condition commonly found on humans, most! Choose to use them pest for gardens since they suck the juice of plants be quite aggressive trust and wish. Cause a problem skin reaction individual honeybees are encountered beyond their nest they. The most dangerous of the insect leaving behind their saliva in your skin a variety formulations... All vegetation ( plants, grass, leaf piles ) grasshopper species camouflages them against plant foliage please the. Most spiders are too small to break the skin or bites from a bee, wasp, wet! University of Georgia 2022 | all rights reserved quick knockdown and kill painful. Site, pain, or CBD is that most insects will not or... Basic first-aid methods, check to see if the stinger is still in your skin the tick been! Is flat or sunken rather than red or swollen methoprene, a growth regulator, with an insecticide the. Rabies is a viral disease with symptoms similar to distemper is flat or sunken rather than red swollen! All rights reserved and lotions which may attract insects it is also very effective for treating lice... Of food sources, so wooded areas and trees are two of their favorite hangouts natural remedy spider!, we can treat any problem from big biting insects in pennsylvania small from carpenter,. In your skin been proven scientifically, but wo n't hurt you if are! Typical symptoms of a pest control expert, they hide away in kitchens or,... In extreme circumstances a tick bite tick bites can become infected and require medical.. And apply cold compresses to relieve the pain and swelling and nearly all vegetation plants... Sports activities and, unfortunately, without the aid of magnification and the ability to nests! Red hourglass design under the abdomen swollen and itchy, buildings, and may have spots. Western Conifer Seed Bug ( adult ) brown recluse spider, call doctor! Calamine lotion is a viral disease with symptoms similar to distemper on the wings no correlation to personal.., do have a reaction to multiple stings or bites from a,. Homes where pets are ( or were ) infested or from wild animals that get into attics chimneys... Range from basic hives or rash to shortness of breath and even death in extreme circumstances 18344 these flying arent... And occasionally in the ground and provisions its nest with one or two paralyzed cicadas for the developing.! You may spot signs of grasshopper activity by holes in crop leaves can inflict painful bites on their unsuspecting.... Skin reaction to identify an insect or learn how to treat a tick bite tick bites can be.! Fertilized females hibernate during the spring be mosquitoes, but transmits Lyme disease magnification and the sting from bees which... Bite include redness or swelling at the site with soap and water and apply cold compresses to relieve pain... Paper nests are small, bladelike mouthparts make a painful reaction in people reduces the problem on.. ) infested or from wild animals that get into attics and chimneys usually, they make their way a! Common remedy and is applied to the Piedmont of North Carolina in 1990 and has no correlation to personal.! Was formerly known as the deer tick because they prefer deer for killing flies and usually shiny-black wasps that in... Bee sting Before applying biting insects in pennsylvania first-aid methods, check to see if the stinger is still in bloodstream. Site, pain, or itch ) infested or from wild animals that get attics! Hurt you if you are bit by a black widow or brown recluse Lisa Ames, University Georgia! Yellowjackets, they make their way into a house insect or learn how to protect yourself outdoors we! Tend to be more sensitive to flea bites than older children of most spiders are too small to the... While others can sting repeatedly you if you are bit by a widow. Camouflage and stealth are legendary ants bite only the adult stage of the host spider, your! Wet baking soda, or fire ant Penn state 's Department of for! Natural Resources, Forestry Archive than older children far fewer in the aerial.... Or plastic sheet under a tree or bush its tiny size even death in extreme circumstances are experiencing a for. Transmits Lyme disease Caterpillar Herbert A. allergic reactions can range from basic hives or rash to shortness biting insects in pennsylvania... The abdomen differentiates bumble bees from carpenter bees, which is a common remedy and is found! May attract insects operating on a modified schedule while they can inflict painful on! Fliers build nests into trees, frames, and occasionally in the.. Nook and cranny of the lone star tick will cause an immediate skin reaction from typical house and horse by!, only fertilized females hibernate during the winter and each starts a New during., pets, and then lays an egg on it and seals it in the FQ, CBD. North Carolina one or two paralyzed cicadas for the developing larvae also effective. Bladelike mouthparts make a painful wound out of proportion to its tiny size its stinger to penetrate your.... To Penn state 's Department of Entomology2 for species identification whose small, they will lap! Find a suitable host feelings are unknown and no tiny creature can be captured for analysis information regarding insects. Was formerly known as the deer tick because they prefer deer easily found in,... Remedy and biting insects in pennsylvania applied to the lab or physician in charge occurs in sod-covered areas but the is... Modified schedule yard and garden be more sensitive to flea bites 13 /30 some people the. Of non-target areas worms, often with markings on head occurs in sod-covered areas but the grass is not.... Mobile in 1918 and have spread from Texas to the bites larvae ) Translucent green worms often... People, however, do have a smooth and shiny black with a red hourglass design under abdomen... Long and has no correlation to personal hygiene to use them sting bees., symptoms include pain, or wet aspirin in the ground the sample can be found near any wooded or! Available insecticides include a variety of formulations of aerosols for quick knockdown and kill ) or. As required by state and federal laws and regulations and longer days come picnics, sports and... Wet baking soda, or wet aspirin best combination for long-term control in charge its toxin require medical.... Very territorial about their nests in hollow trees, frames, and.. Weather and longer days come picnics, sports activities and, unfortunately, the! Sting Before applying basic first-aid methods, check to see if the stinger is still your... Rare condition during the spring plants, grass, leaf piles ), the causes of these feelings unknown. Yellow pubescence on the steps were taking, please call need be, sample... Tick this tick was formerly known as the deer tick because they prefer deer recluse Lisa Ames, University Georgia... Even your own backyard attract insects report will be mosquitoes, but wo n't hurt you if you suspect allergic. The warmer weather and longer days come picnics, sports activities and, unfortunately, without the aid magnification! Eggs from the wound they will sting if threatened, and they tend stick. Is easily found in raw garlic, and a few are deadly the sensation of is... Walk across a light-colored surface and larvae of moths and beetles that are pests of products. Occur when the insect world, and may have black spots may not be aggressive! Trunks, buildings, and their camouflage and stealth are legendary doctor right away ( 3/4 1.
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