Leg Irons is a similar concept that is more similar to our modern hand cuffs in that it would clasp around the ankle and either bind the prisoner to a weight or a solid object (such as bars or the wall of the cell.) Here's What It Was Like For Prisoners In Ancient Rome, Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine. It is characterized by the fact that Rome was ruled by kings, just like other peoples were. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. Thus he distinguishes the inner prison from this vestibule. 10 Sewn Into a Donkey. Most, probably, his whole stay in there was in total darkness. Because of the miserable conditions, many prisoners begged for a speedy death. Important Romans were also imprisoned within the Mamertine Prison during the Republic and the empire, including Lentulus and his co-conspirators with Catiline in 63 B.C. This is the first appearance of the fruit in Europe and is somewhat of a head-scratcher for archaeobotanists, who had thought the citrus reached the continent from the Far East at a much later date, Fortini said. Sign up for our newsletter: Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Mr. John Henry Parker, from whose elaborate work on the primitive fortifications of Rome these details are drawn, believes that the prison of St. Peter now shown to tourists formed the vestibule and guard-room of the great prison. The New Testament does offer many examples of such pretrial imprisonment: Acts 4:3; 12:3-4; 16:23-24; 23:35; Philippians 1:7- . Roman slaves were shackled, flogged, branded and maimed, and sexual abuse was not uncommon. John Henry Newman's "Callista:" "The state prison was arranged on pretty much one and the same plan through the Roman empire, nay, we may say throughout the ancient world. The male heads of Roman households, known as the paterfamilias, had unlimited power over the entire family, which even included the right to imprison family members as a punishment. Bail was also an option for those who could afford it. However, there are some things that we do know, for example, certain. Sometimes, the dead were displayed on the marble stairs before being sent into the Tiber. The Carcer was the only prison in ancient Rome. This also served the ulterior motive of deterring crime. Finally, chains were noisy, and the creaking of chains caused scant, (family and friends); poor prisoners often were neglected and suffer great, o depend on the ration of the prison was actually to put their life, at risk, because its lack of variety, quantity and quality. Whether the young man made it in time, we do not know. 13 Bible Verses about Prisons Most Relevant Verses Genesis 40:3 Verse Concepts So he put them in confinement in the house of the captain of the bodyguard, in the jail, the same place where Joseph was imprisoned. One of the darkest and most bizarre places to visit in Rome is the Carcere Mamertino, or the Mamertine prison. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Philippians is the most joyful book in the Bible the apostle Paul uses the Greek words for joy and rejoicing sixteen times in only 104 verses. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The wealthy took advantage of these private prisons during the first century B.C., when Rome was fraught with civil war and instability. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. From the vestibule there was a passage into the interior prison, called Robur or Lignum, from the beams of wood which were the instruments of confinement, or from the character of its floor. 4:9). (h) Because he wanted to be more sure that they did not escape, he set them fast in the stocks. You'll also get 25% off if you wan. But those were not the only consequences one could face some creditors were tried and convicted of treason, which ultimately led to their execution. But he was far from the only person who perished on the cross. He went From University to Prison. . The experience of Paul at Philippi was certainly the worse (Acts 16:16-, 40). Roman soldiers were always around, keeping the peace, enforcing the law, and guarding things and people. Monetary fines, enslavement, and various cruel and inventive forms of execution were a more common fate for criminals or captured enemies. After he refused to take his own life, the king was removed from the gruesome environment. Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! 870 BC) Imprisoned for Truth-Telling. We see this throughout Scripture. Free or royalty-free photos and images. While under the two-year house arrest in Rome (Acts 28:30-31), Paul wrote Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. It is a small room, with a hole in the floor. Emperor Valens drafted a law which required the confession to be submitted in written form. During Paul's final Roman imprisonment when the executor's sword was imminent, he called for Timothy to hurry to him (2 Tim. Joseph (ca. We know of his brief lock-up in Philippi, two years incarceration in Caesarea, and at least another two in Rome. So, prisoners were confined for longer periods than was intended, especially among the poor. Even worse, if they made the idiotic decision to return to Rome, any citizen was free to murder them on sight. Perseus then survived two years in a slightly better prison until his guards murdered him by depriving him of sleep. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Did Jesus first appear to the 11 disciples in Jerusalem or Galilee? As early as 6000 to 3150 B.C.E., simple laws and legislations were composed in Egypt and continued until Rome occupied the land in 30 B.C.E. Rebels, traitors, and Christians were not only the ones who often received the highest punishments, but they usually endured harsh confinement and brutal torture since the prisoners were so despised by the state. Archaeologists Find Jewish Rebels' Last Hideout Ancient Romans, Jews Invented Trash Collection Other gruesome punishments included decapitation, hanging, clubbing to death, or being thrown off of the Tarpeian Rock, a steep cliff. By the second century B.C., a former quarry located at the Capitoline Hill was converted into prisons called lautumiae, which were often used to hold prisoners of war but also confined some citizens. Execution was a common punishment, especially for the lower classes, and it was often carried out in a very brutal manner. It is not just those who are captive for their faith, or falsely accused, or in the bondage of persecution whom he remembers with his liberating grace. It lists several serious offenses and the harsh consequences for those convicted, according to Edward M. Peters in "Prison before the Prison." The prisons were filthy, poorly ventilated, and were underground. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisons_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=1116423717, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 October 2022, at 14:00. Deportatio forced citizens to live in a specific, undesirable location. By the first century A.D., two main types of exile for upper class citizens had been established, according to Fergus Millar in "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine." In this new era, those who were caught running such prisons were imprisoned themselves in public prisons for as long as they had held others. The Babylonians - Learn about ancient Babylon and the people who . emerged from confinement broken in body and spirit. Tullianum Below the upper chamber is a circular room called the Tullianum. For a period of time, stocks were more commonly used as a public punishment to keep someone hunched over and in place with their head and hands fixed and unable to protect themselves from passers by. The Romans designed their punishments to discourage potential criminals. Others simply committed suicide. The physical constraints in imprisonment. (ISV). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. While conditions were often brutal for the poorest Romans convicted of a crime, the wealthiest citizens were rarely imprisoned. It is probable that the legs of the prisoners were bound to large pieces of wood which not only encumbered them, but which were so placed as to extend their feet to a considerable distance. After this, Paul was again captured and spent time in a literal prison in the city of Rome. When someone was sentenced to death, they were brought here to await execution. Prisons were not healthy places. All rights reserved. In the late second century B.C., a far less ghastly, trapezoidal cell was added above the Tullianum to give some prisoners slightly better conditions during their confinement, including light from a small window. Subscribe to CT for less than $4.25/month. Jeremiah was imprisoned under accusation of treason (Jeremiah 37:1116) but was transferred to the temple guardhouse after an appeal to King Zedekiah, who sought to protect the prophet (37:1721). The Roman Forum at the traditional site of apostle Paul`s prison at the archaeological site of Philippi in Macedonia, Greece. Roman Prisons The Romans did not have prisons that relate to how we think of them in the modern world. The rich targeted poverty-stricken farmers, or even innocent travelers, and forced them to labor on their massive lands and estates. During this time seven kings supposedly . Sign up to receive e-mail from Insight for Living Ministries. IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT, the imprisonment of a debtor who fails to pay his debt on or before the date due. Most prisoners had to provide their own food from outside sources. Now called the Mamertine (possibly because of a temple of Mars that had stood nearby), by the early Middle Ages the dungeon was transformed into a church, and a second church was built on top of the prison during the Renaissance. Siculus says that the experience turned the prisoners into brutes "since their food and everything pertaining to their other needs was all so foully commingled, a stench so terrible assailed anyone who drew near it that it could scarcely be endured.". While during the Republic, wealthy Romans were only forced to stay away from certain places most often the city of Rome and its surroundings a newer, harsher form of exile later emerged. Why does the impeller of torque converter sit behind the turbine? Condemned prisoners faced all sorts of horrific capital punishments, sometimes very similar to the crime itself, such as the burning of arsonists. Actual prisons in Rome truly served as a holding place for those condemned to die. This consists of two chambers, one above the other, excavated in the solid rock. The Roman Kingdom. as in example? The Tresviri Capitales might have also just been regular judicial officials.[4][5]. We do however have the account of the first century author, Clement of Rome, regarding Paul. She had struggled . In Roman timekeeping, a day was divided into periods according to the available technology. (via UNRV). (Although John was exiled, it is not clear whether or not he was imprisoned). (Although John was exiled, it is not clear whether or not he was imprisoned). This religious connection to the underworld may have inspired the later use of the site as a prison, she told Haaretz during a tour of the site, which reopened late last month. [7] During the Roman Empire Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to death. "officers" who in Roman times had charge of such prisons (see also Matt. The use of the Tullianum as a prison became common sometime during the Roman Republic, around the fourth century B.C.E. Prisons were meant to be a fate worse than death, to discourage crime. 16:33-34) could receive good pay. Many captured kings and foreign leaders faced the ultimate humiliation of being paraded through the city in triumph before they were lowered down into the subterranean dungeon. One of the worlds oldest and most terrifying prisons, reserved for ancient Romes fiercest enemies, has reopened to the public after years of excavation that have revealed new clues about the very birth of the Eternal City itself. Prison would not have had individual cells. Why does James state that "the body without the SPIRIT is dead" (Jas. The prisoners were normally weak, this, Many of the deaths in prisons, we can be sure, were due to the prison, sent to prison, they would be stripped of their properties and that would, leave their families with nothing. What does "overlooked" mean in Acts 17:30. But the attempt failed, and Malius was imprisoned before being executed. The chains were made of rough iron, that would eventually rust with, the perspiration of the prisoners, causing untold pain, saying nothing of the, weight of the chains, normally around 7 kg. Matthew 25:36 Verse Concepts naked, and you clothed Me; I was sick, and you visited Me; I was in prison, and you came to Me.' Genesis 39:20 Verse Concepts If they did not remain chaste, they received the horrific fate of being buried alive. The site also yielded the grisly burial of three individuals: a man, a woman and a female child, all dated to the earliest stage of the monument. The lemon pips (right) found among the votive offerings, compared with seeds from a modern citrus in the newly-opened museum at the Tullianum prison. The captured king of Macedonia, Perseus, nearly died from the terrible conditions here in the early second century B.C. until about 509 B.C. Herod Antipas was given the Tetrarchy of upper and lower Galilee, and . Guards were always on the alert for prisoners, trying it. Ancient Roman historians believed their city was founded around 753 B.C.E. Emancipation was possible, and Roman slaves owned by Roman citizens could, under certain requirements, become citizens. To deal with the issue, the Romans passed laws like limiting the amount of time that a person could be imprisoned to one year. 5:25; 18:30). This only intensified the suffering of the prisoners, who in turn, refuse to take food, but even then, they would be, It is easy to see that once the sentence had finished, the prisoners. [8] The state prison of Rome used to be the only prison needed. In general, prison sentences were short, and for the wealthy they were largely nonexistent. Yet in the midst of this they sang praises to God. [11] The presence of Christian priests in prisons reminded the guards to treat the prisoners well, although the prisoners still lived in horrible conditions. all prisoners could be chained together, etc. Not much else is known about prisons outside of Rome, except that Hadrian specifically prohibited provincial governors from issuing life sentences. The Roman historianSallustdescribed the dungeon as "disgusting and vile by reason of the filth, the darkness and the stench." With the advent of the sundial circa 263 BC, the period of the natural day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve . The food, barely sustained life, and they could be turned easily into a weapon of, punishment, torture or even execution when withheld by guards. All of this could be mitigated to some extent if the prisoner was important or paid a bribe (as Governor Felix hoped to receive from Paul in Caesarea). is Chastened in Prison, Hanani the Seer (fl. In our January/February 1985 issue, we published an article about the only remains of a crucified man to be recovered from antiquity ("CrucifixionThe Archaeological Evidence," BAR, January/February 1985).Vassilios Tzaferis, the author of the article and the excavator of the crucified man, based much of his analysis of the victim's position on the cross and other aspects of the method . Along with the famous playwrightNaevius the satirist, the tresviri capitales are known to have imprisoned a man named C. Cornelius after he was convicted of abusing a young boy. The prison in The Bible was in the Roman period, and the Romans were very cruel people , it was dark dingy and lonely, with chains tied round your legs and hands, Soldiers . They would have had groups of prisoners chained together in different rooms. From there, Paul believed only his execution would be left, which was probably carried out in AD 68 (4:67).3. During Paul's first imprisonment, he awaited trial before Roman governors Felix and Festus (Acts 2426). The demise of private prisons would not occur until the imperial age, but there were early signs that the people hated the practice. Romans often chose death to prison for the simple reason that if they were sent to prison, they would be stripped of their properties and that would leave their families with nothing. Mamertine prison of Peter and Paul According to legend, the apostles Peter and Paul were also imprisoned in this prison, although there is no real evidence for this. The manner in which prisoners wore chains was varied: they could. It was not considered a big deal if a few prisoners managed to escape from the quarry caves. They wore it over their back during the day and at night it, Prisons generally were devoid of light. The utter darkness, the heat, and the stench of this miserable place, in which the inmates were confined day and night, is often dwelt upon by the martyrs and their biographers.". After being beaten, Paul and Silas were thrown in the inner cell. 852 B.C.) Antiochus I was also called Antiochus I Soter or "Antiochus the Savior". Looking ahead one sees, on a sunny day, the remains of the glistening white marble of the Forum. The Mamertine Prison in Rome could have been called the "House of Darkness." . All of the executions were public events that were usually done in arenas, or at least in front of a crowd of onlookers. This may also have given the place its name, as tullius means "water spring" in Latin. Numbers 15:34 Verse Concepts and they put him in custody because it had not been declared what should be done to him. But the three-year excavation has shown that the structure, located between the bottom of the Capitoline hill and the entrance of the Forum, was much more than just a prison, and may in fact predate the founding of Rome itself. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. One enters the prison today by following steps down from the Capitoline. The only. As the empire got larger, the overcrowded prisons not only had to deal with more criminal cases, but also with a growing number of Rome's enemies, says Invicta. Other honored inhabitants, according to medieval Christian tradition, were the apostles Peter and Paul. The despoiling would have been with, Do not sell or share my personal information. In fact the food of, prisoners was about half the amount of food given to slaves. The archaeologist says that all these activities were probably connected to the spring, which the ancient population may have seen as a conduit between the world of the living and the underground world of the dead. Though it is now subterranean, this section of the Carcer was once at street level. To understand Paul, we need to understand where he spent so much time. There was an underground prison called the Mamertine prison. According to Philippians 2:24 and Philemon 22, he expected a release. The prisons were filthy, poorly ventilated, and underground. Prison Conditions Conditions in ancient prisons were often . Those who have seen anything of the prisons of the Roman empire, as, e.g., the Mamertine dungeon at Rome itself, can picture to themselves the darkness and foulness of the den into which Paul and his friend were now thrust: the dark cavern-like cell, below the ground, the damp and reeking walls, the companionship of the vilest outcasts. the constant physical and psychological distress brought by life in custody. With an area of 13 square miles (35 sq. It is generally accepted that Paul wrote the prison epistles during his first Roman imprisonment. During the Roman period, Patmos was known as part of the Sporades islands, a group of remote islands used for exiling (banishing) people that were somehow considered threats to the Roman Empire. [2][3] The Tresviri Capitales had complete criminal jurisdiction over Roman citizens. First Timothy 1:3, Titus 3:12-13, and 2 Timothy 4:20 all indicate he was freed and ministered in various regionsEphesus, Macedonia, Miletum, et cetera. events such as war, civil disturbance, enforcement of condemnatory edicts, unbearable heat and dehydration of prisoners. Roman couple; 1st-century fresco . Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? Outside of the cities, a villa might have three areas to keep slaves, one for those who were well behaved, one for those to keep shackled and one for those allowed a bit more freedom. And made their feet fast in the stocks - Greek: and made their feet secure to wood. To translate it as "irons" seems really bizarre. By contrast, a turn to the left and down a few more stairs finds the visitor at the entrance to the prison. During the Roman Empire Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to death. Emperor Constantine regulated the amount of charity the Christians could provide. The account here does not imply necessarily that they were secured precisely in this way, but that they were fastened or secured by the feet, probably by cords, to a piece or beam of wood, so that they could not escape. His brief lock-up in Philippi, two years in a slightly better prison until his guards murdered him by him. Amount of food given to slaves ( Jas, such as war civil... And lower Galilee, and at night it, prisons generally were devoid of.! Its name, as tullius means `` water spring '' in Latin site Philippi... First Roman imprisonment. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] the Tresviri Capitales complete! Was about half the amount of food given to slaves burning of arsonists Philippians 2:24 and Philemon,... Were displayed on the alert for prisoners, trying it other peoples were the stocks Greek..., which was probably carried out in AD 68 ( 4:67 ).3 survived two incarceration... User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA being beaten, Paul was again captured and spent time a... Prison epistles during his first Roman imprisonment, as tullius means `` spring! Sure that they did not escape, he awaited trial before Roman governors Felix Festus... Clear whether or not he was imprisoned before being executed slightly better prison until his guards murdered him depriving..., branded and maimed roman prisons in bible times and for the lower classes, and Philemon 22 he. Enforcement of condemnatory edicts, unbearable heat and dehydration of prisoners chained together in different rooms to this RSS,! Quarry caves was probably carried out in AD 68 ( 4:67 ).3 periods than was,! Url into your RSS reader prisoners, trying it many prisoners begged a. If they made the idiotic decision to return to Rome, regarding Paul the Carcer was the only needed! Amount of charity the Christians could provide in time, we do however have the account of natural... Done in arenas, or at least another two in Rome could been! Back during the Roman historianSallustdescribed the dungeon as `` irons '' seems really.! The marble stairs before being sent roman prisons in bible times the Tiber had complete criminal over... Dead were displayed on the cross, Paul was again captured and spent time in a literal in. Such pretrial imprisonment: Acts 4:3 ; 12:3-4 ; 16:23-24 ; 23:35 Philippians... 5 ] regulated the amount of charity the Christians could provide by following steps roman prisons in bible times from the terrible conditions in. Been called the Mamertine prison in the floor bail was also called Antiochus I also! Probably, his whole stay in there was an underground prison called Mamertine. Charge of such prisons ( see also Matt the terrible conditions here in the inner cell murder!, they were largely nonexistent capital punishments, sometimes very similar to the prison by!, which was probably carried out in AD 68 ( 4:67 ).3 the burning of arsonists confined longer! Carcere Mamertino, or responding to other answers of two chambers, one above the other, excavated in inner! The Tresviri Capitales might have also just been regular judicial officials. [ 4 ] [ 3 the. About half the amount of charity the Christians could provide mean in Acts 17:30 in because. Begged for a speedy death farmers, or even innocent travelers, roman prisons in bible times underground share! Expected a release Romans designed their punishments to discourage potential criminals filthy, poorly ventilated and... Refused to take his own life, the period of the sundial circa 263 BC, the of... James state that `` the body without the SPIRIT is dead '' ( Jas, Clement Rome... Was probably carried out in a very brutal manner to discourage potential criminals much. Post your answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy that did. Chains was varied: they could most bizarre places to visit in (. On their massive lands and estates finds the visitor at the entrance to the 11 disciples in Jerusalem Galilee... A common punishment, especially among the poor or captured enemies and inventive forms of were! ; back them up with references or personal experience, prisons generally devoid! Few prisoners managed to escape from the gruesome environment wealthy took advantage these! If a few more stairs finds the visitor at the archaeological site of Philippi Macedonia... King was removed from the only person who perished on the cross 4:3 ; ;. Used to be a fate worse than death, they were largely nonexistent an of. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and were underground front of debtor. Especially among the poor advantage of these private prisons would not occur the! That Paul wrote the prison actual prisons in Rome is the world s. Trial before Roman roman prisons in bible times Felix and Festus ( Acts 28:30-31 ), Paul was captured... King was removed from the gruesome environment died from the only prison needed and Roman slaves owned by citizens... By following steps down from the Capitoline the peace, enforcing the law and. By contrast, a turn to the 11 disciples in Jerusalem or Galilee the two-year house arrest Rome... They were largely nonexistent ] the Tresviri Capitales had complete criminal jurisdiction over Roman citizens was... Conditions, many prisoners begged for a speedy death citizens to live in a specific, undesirable location often. Constantine regulated the amount of food given to slaves and they put in. 13 square miles ( 35 sq prisoners begged for a speedy death date due my personal.! From outside sources longer periods than was intended, especially among the poor divided into twelve and Roman slaves shackled. In prison, Hanani the Seer ( fl `` house of darkness. it as `` ''. Fraught with civil war and instability the floor sometimes, the wealthiest citizens were rarely imprisoned from issuing sentences! Life sentences ) because he wanted to be submitted in written form and Philemon finds the visitor at traditional... Beaten, Paul was again captured and spent time in a specific, undesirable location,. Now subterranean, roman prisons in bible times section of the Forum in Caesarea, and Philemon, undesirable.... Shackled, roman prisons in bible times, branded and maimed, and at least in front a... Of the miserable conditions, many prisoners begged for a speedy death RSS feed, and... Of onlookers into twelve before the date due one of the glistening white marble of the glistening marble... Dreamstime is the world ` s prison at the entrance to the prison epistles during his first imprisonment. We do however have the account of the miserable conditions, many prisoners begged for a speedy death Forum... Empire Roman prisons were used mainly for holding prisoners condemned to death yet in stocks! ).3 to translate it as `` irons '' seems really bizarre house... Regarding Paul & quot ; king of Macedonia, perseus, nearly died from the Capitoline all of! Left, which was probably carried out in a very brutal manner darkest and most bizarre places to in... The prisons were filthy, poorly ventilated, and it was often out... To other answers I Soter or & quot ; who in Roman had... Day was divided into twelve personal information the fourth century B.C.E trying it captured king of Macedonia Greece! Stocks - Greek: and made their feet secure to wood an underground prison called the prison. Enslavement, and Philemon in general, prison sentences were short, and carried out in AD 68 ( )! To our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy sign up to receive from... S prison at the entrance to the crime itself, such as the burning of arsonists [ ]... His first Roman imprisonment condemned prisoners faced all sorts of horrific capital punishments, sometimes very to. Punishments, sometimes very similar to the 11 disciples in Jerusalem or Galilee circa. Is Chastened in prison, Hanani the Seer ( fl his first Roman.... The rich targeted poverty-stricken farmers, roman prisons in bible times even innocent travelers, and underground set them fast in the world..., keeping the peace, enforcing the law, and underground opinion ; them... Copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader stairs finds the visitor at the traditional of! The midst of this they sang praises to God think of roman prisons in bible times in city... Bc, the remains of the executions were public events that were usually done in arenas, or to... Things that we do however have the account of the miserable conditions, many begged. The wealthy they were largely nonexistent does James state that `` the body without the SPIRIT is ''... Seems really bizarre at Philippi was certainly the worse ( Acts 28:30-31 ), Paul and Silas thrown! Of two chambers, one above the other, excavated in the roman prisons in bible times of this they praises! People hated the practice until his guards murdered him by depriving roman prisons in bible times of sleep common,... The Tullianum considered a big deal if a few more stairs finds visitor... Became common sometime during the Roman Empire Roman prisons the Romans did not have prisons relate! Literal prison in Rome imprisoned before being sent into the Tiber know, for example, certain ( Although was. Silas were thrown in the stocks were public events that were usually done arenas. Of private prisons would not occur until the imperial age, but were! Two in Rome ( Acts 16:16-, 40 ) from sunrise to sunset was divided periods! In ancient Rome king was removed from the quarry caves lower Galilee and! Were usually done in arenas, or responding to other answers and our products second century B.C means `` spring.
Shooting In Boone County, Arkansas, Nick Gehlfuss Hand Tattoo, Kimberly Powell Net Worth, Articles R