A large body of research documents the detrimental effects of lead, mercury, and PCBs on cognitive functioning and sometimes social behavior. 0000006842 00000 n
Intellectual disabilities are conditions that negatively impact a childs IQ. Two of the most notable theories of human lifespan development are Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development and Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development. For instance, why do biological children sometimes act like their parentsis it because of genetics or because of early childhood environment and what the child has learned from their parents? example- it may be normal for one culture to walk around naked whereas in another culture someone walking around naked may be institutionalized. There are two prevalent theories in developmental psychology that explain how humans grow up and develop. WebFor example, someone that was not exposed to language in early childhood, with intervention and great effort, may be able to make some gains in late childhood, but may not fully For example, did you know that a disproportionate number of professional athletes were born in the first three months of the year? Victor suffers from depression, and although life expectancy in his country is among the highest in the world, Victor does not enjoy his long life. 7,752,060 and 8,719,052. WebIn this article, well outline the different types, real-world examples, and unifying principles. 0000003415 00000 n
Nurture refers to the view that people are shaped by the environment around them, which includes people they meet, the culture they grow up in, the knowledge they encounter, and more. The interactions model suggests that both nature and nurture, alongside continuity and discontinuity, both have a role in human development. There are two major theories about how people develop. Some theorists believe that humans play a much more active role in their development. ?ZeUXb\i^QlQxwr WgepMpMi]ylT xref
Humanist theorists forward that people have self-determination. Help Millions of people find the right doctor and care they need, Get immediate care and visit with providers from the comfort of your home, or anywhere, Urgent care centers can be faster and cheaper for situations that are not life threatening, Doctors and patients discuss the latest medical treatments and health tips, Search prescription drugs for why theyre used, side effects and more, Back and Neck Surgery (Except Spinal Fusion). If a child is not walking or attempting to 0000002546 00000 n
Discuss and give examples. Nature refers to the view that people are shaped by their biology, and thus, their ability is innate to them. Children learn to run, skip, jump and cartwheel. 248 lessons They have moved into the 'abstract thinking' phase of their lives. Typically, a child is born with reflexes. Efforts focused on increasing awareness of the issue and building attention to care and coordination with social, health, legal, and human services will likely reduce elder abuse and neglect (Ries & Mansfield, 2018). They are gradually learning how to walk. It might seem odd that psychologists can't agree on whether development is a continuous process or whether it happens in stages. However, in some cases, factors like genetics, biology, and injuries may get in the way of them reaching certain milestones. All children across the world love to play. Early diagnosis and intervention can make a difference and help your little one continue a developmental trajectory. Two steps forward, one step back - where are we heading with gender equality? Do people across the world share more similarities or more differences in their development? This title is part of a longer publication history. , ,C YhLh,`8 c ]A1@L4PM @>X#tAefO@730[+b Ef3QGbDR DSST Lifespan Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep. Every child is unique and will develop at their own pace. F'$*\sjS](/STxaI=_Dc4ZmVi %%|:%d$#nc29[gF. Known as FASDs, these conditions may cause a number of side effects for the growing fetus and baby, including: If your child experiences challenges related to communication, a language disorder may be the cause. Genetic traits or physical challenges that result in a developmental disorder may require mechanical aids, such as prosthetics or mobility chairs. It is difficult to isolate the root of any single outcome as a result solely of nature or nurture. WebThe Human Capability Development Program is designed for the permanent development of the individual, but there are certain difficulties in the implementation of this strategy. What are Learning Disorders and Disabilities? Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2009-2017. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Types of childhood developmental disorders, The effects of developmental disorders in adulthood. Are we who we are because ofgenetics, or are we who we are because ofour environment? Another example could be Victor from Germany, also a country of very high human development. All children across the world love to play. Developmental disorders, sometimes referred to as childhood disorders, are physical or brain-based conditions that affect a childs progress as they grow and develop necessary life skills. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Proponents of the continuity view say that development is a continuous process that is gradual and cumulative. Piaget, for instance, believed that children actively explore their world and construct new ways of thinking to explain the things they experience. Are there prescribed periods in which change must occur (critical and sensitive periods)? The impact of a childhood developmental disorder on adulthood may depend on the type and severity of the condition and the area of development it impacts. This essay will examine the role of feminism in Hamilton, an American musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda, and how the link to feminism creates an interesting look at the female characters within the performance. It is an approach that is focused on creating fair opportunities and choices for all people. And how can siblings from the same family be so different? June Leung has a bachelor's degree in biochemistry and has taught high school students STEM topics. WebThe Human Development Index (HDI) is an index that measures key dimensions of human development. WebHuman Capability Development Program: Programs Issues and Their Solutions Words: 442 Pages: 1 Cite this Human Capability Development Program is in demand in modern times, which are characterized by multitasking and enormous flows of information. (2016). Last medically reviewed on November 19, 2021. They will go on to become better and better through little league and school teams, and eventually are more likely to make it to the professional level in their given sport. With this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infants ability to demonstrate awareness ofobject permanence (which is a cognitive skill that developstoward the end of infancy,according to Piagets cognitive theorymore on that theory in the next module). It is not to say that post-period interventions will always be simple or successful. Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are all great theorists with similar, but different, ideas of human development. This in turn affects whether human development is inclusive and equitable or perpetuates inequalities and exclusion. These stages cannot be skipped, and proceeding through them one by one is generally understood as necessary for individuals. These issues include chemical pollution, air pollution, climate change, disease-causing microbes, lack of access to health care, poor infrastructure, and poor water quality. For example, features of a person's physical and social environment can effect which genes are switched-on, or expressed, rather than the DNA sequence of the genes themselves. Is human development best characterized as a slow, gradual process, or as one of more abrupt change? There are three main types of learning disorders that can affect how well your child processes information. Video 2. Whether in (a) Florida or (b) South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand, sunshine, and the sea. Volume 18 2021. Nature refers to the view that people are shaped by their biology, and thus, their ability is innate to them. Three important theories are Jean Piagets, Lev Vygotskys, and Information-processing. Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Subscribe, 1965-2019 (Vol. I - Major Issues in Human Development - John Kantner Encyclopedia of So on the occasion of the 25th anniversary year of human development reporting, wed like to highlight how the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) presents human development. Volume 15 2018. Development is the process of growth and change in physical (body changes), cognitive (thinking and understanding of the world), and psychosocial (personality and social skill) aspects that every individual person experiences starting from the moment they are born. Is he better than others because he's taller than most people, or is he better because he's worked with some of the best coaches in the country? Freedom of choice is central: someone choosing to When someone publicly supports the interests of an individual, group, or cause, theyre engaging in advocacy. She has taught Psychology courses at FIU and at Pasco Hernando State College. This longstanding question is known in psychology as the nature versus nurture debate. Special Procedures mandate holders regularly address thematic issues and crises of common interest through individual or joint actions. Many children adapt to life with a developmental disorder. The use of theatre is to communicate important issues from either the past or current, in one way or another. Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the role of heredity in determining development. The use of theatre is to communicate important issues from either the past or current, in one way or another. Are there prescribed periods in which change must occur (critical and sensitive periods)? Discontinuity refers to viewing developments as walking upstairs; there are defined stages that are different from the preceding and proceeding one. As an important feature of manufacturing development, agglomeration also plays a substantial role the promotion of Psychologists believe that there are time spans in which a person is biologically ready for certain developments, but successful progress is reliant on the person having essential experiences during that time. There are, however, four distinct social development issues under the human rights umbrella that deserve particular attention: Almost all of the literature in this guide adopts an equity or inequality approach. Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is universal. Continuous developmenttheories view development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills (see figure below). 3). Many adults with All rights reserved. 0000000016 00000 n
explains and promotes sustainable human development. It is often difficult to outline a single model of development and to isolate one factor from the multitude of forces that exist and may affect the development of an individual. Our unique experiences in our environment influence whether and how particular traits are expressed, and at the same time, our genes influence how we interact with our environment (Diamond, 2009; Lobo, 2008). iii Professor Sen was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his work in welfare economics. Discontinuity refers to the view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages, which is affected by external factors such as family background and education. As I will explain in this blog, both theories go hand in hand in the growth and development of adolescents and young adults. But how did they develop this condition? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. ( Discuss and give examples. Many childhood developmental disorders are treatable and can be managed throughout adulthood. With this type of development, there is a gradual change. Like critical periods, a sensitive period requires particular experiences during a specific time for development to occur. Does one skill form the foundation for the next skill? Volume 13 2016. Different cultures may also affect how children develop. There is a reciprocal interaction between nature and nurture as they both shape who we become, but the debate continues as to the relative contributions of each. As we explore various theories, ask yourself whether each approach considers development to be an active or passive process. The concept of continuous development can be visualized as a smooth slope of progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more discrete stages. Is development essentially the same, or universal, for all children (i.e., there is one course of development) or does development follow a different course for each child, depending on the childs specific genetics and environment (i.e., there are many courses of development)? Various developmental milestones are universal in timing. What is continuity in psychology? Child development specific conditions. One such example is what is known as the Dutch Hunger Winter, during last year of the Second World War. While the expression human development is widely used, it is understood in different ways around.. 2015 marks 25 years since the first Human Development Report introduced a new approach for advancing human flourishing. Volume 16 2019. Development is the process of growth and change that everyone experiences. John is an example of an adult with atypical development who is receiving intervention so that he can live as independently as possible. WebFurthermore, the issue of elder abuse is a social issue that demands the collaboration of different disciplines and communities. Do these skills and abilities build upon each other? You're standing on the very bottom of the mountain, and you want to get to the top. Continuity understands development as similar to traveling up a mountain; growth as gradual, continuous, and cumulative. Psychologists following continuous development theory generally agree with the view that nature is the more dominant force in driving development. While they can include intellectual disability, developmental disorders may also only affect behavior, mobility, or other aspects of a childs development and growth. Pubertal Growth Spurt Overview, Signs & Symptoms | What is a Growth Spurt? And those are only some of the physical ones: there are also emotional, social and intellectual growth that can occur throughout a person's life. There are many different theoretical approaches regarding human development. Developmental disorders, on the other hand, dont necessarily have to do with intelligence. Continuous development in psychology emphasizes that development and changes in individuals occur gradually. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Create your account. Think about babies: when they are first born, they can't even hold their heads up; someone must support the head so it doesn't just loll back. In most cases, professional intervention and home stimulation can help your child overcome or manage these symptoms. While those on the side of nurture would say that ones environment is most significant in shaping the way we develop. The answer to that question often depends on which developmental theorist you ask and which topic is being studied. Customers are well informed of the progress of their papers to ensure they keep track of what the writer is providing before the final draft is sent for grading. Start a new submission or continue a submission in progress. As we evaluate them in this course, recall thatdevelopment focuses on how people change, andthe approaches address the natureof change in different ways: How much does one play a role in their developmental path? Fetal stage: Fetal health issues can have detrimental effects on postnatal growth. Under this view, the main driving force of development and growth is biology, which is inherently a feature of nature. These ideas helped pave the way for the human development approach, which is about expanding the richness of human life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live. Bedridden patients risk presenting several problems caused by prolonged immobility, leading to a long recovery process. When people use adequate force to inflict unnecessary injury or pain on the elderly, it is considered abusive. WebIn this article, well outline the different types, real-world examples, and unifying principles. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. (credit a: modification of work by Visit St. Pete/Clearwater/Flickr; credit b: modification of work by stringer_bel/Flickr). Many papers recommend an equity approach to service provision. WebFor example, in Development with Dignity Amit Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India, [19] while the UN Millennium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take?. Once this period ends, later experiences would have no impact on this aspect of development. Even with excellent nutrition during adulthood, they would never grow taller because their critical period of growth has ended. Language and speech disorders in children. Figure 1. WebUnderpinning all three development challenges is a set of core development needs, including the need to strengthen gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls, and to Discontinuous development emphasizes the different stages and changes that happen will follow the stages in sequence. Distinguished by its international recognition since 1958, Human Development publishes theoretical contributions and integrative reviews of lines of research in psychological development within conceptual, historical, and methodological frameworks. In reality, most psychologists now acknowledge that both nature and nurture play a role. Customers are well informed of the progress of their papers to ensure they keep track of what the writer is providing before the final draft is sent for grading. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders result from a birthparent consuming alcohol during pregnancy. For example, in cross-cultural studies of language development, children from around the world reach language milestones in a similar sequence (Gleitman & Newport, 1995). CC licensed content, Specific attribution, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/adolescent/chapter/key-issues-in-human-development/, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-lifespandevelopment/chapter/human-development/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytRC15vIA24. As you can imagine, discontinuous development is like walking up the stairs: a series of stages, or steps, that get you to the top of the mountain. succeed. srb:lp?Q3pN[>G,;EnJ 23 chapters |
They spend a significant amount of time foraging in forests. They begin babbling at about the same age and utter their first word around 12 months old. Your child may take an extra 3 months to start walking, for example, but this may never develop into something that impacts adult life. Ensuring that Technical Documents Are Easily Understood, Psychology 107: Life Span Developmental Psychology, Psychology 301: Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Psychology 103: Human Growth and Development, ILTS Social Science - Psychology (248): Test Practice and Study Guide, Psychology 108: Psychology of Adulthood and Aging, CLEP Human Growth and Development: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, High School Psychology: Homeschool Curriculum, Glencoe Understanding Psychology: Online Textbook Help, AP Psychology Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Abnormal Psychology Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST Substance Abuse: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. %%EOF
Timely Delivery: Time wasted is equivalent to a failed dedication and commitment. Lifespan Development Overview & Examples | What is Multidirectional Development? On the whole, the literature recommends a multidimensional, relational, and inter-sectoral approach to research and interventions. Stability is the theory that certain personality traits remain stable, regardless of a persons development throughout life. Does personality develop continuously or discontinuously as we grow and mature? Here's a list and how to get help to manage them. Special issues. Governance, social development, conflict and humanitarian knowledge services. 24 Because little league teams are usually grouped by what year your birthday is in, the kids born in February of a year are on the same team as kids born in December of that same year. WebNurtured human behavior is seen as the result of environmental interaction, which can provoke changes in brain structure and chemistry. WebExamples of specific research topics include the role of family social support in the health disparities among white vs. ethnic minority elderly persons, the interplay between family and work, the ways in which gender influences family roles and life course trajectories, marital quality among new parents of Mexican origins, and African American Human development, meanwhile, is a philosophy or lens for considering almost any development issue one can think of. Discontinuous development theory refers to the view that development changes can be divided clearly into unique stages. However, as Ach children become older, they are allowed more freedom to move about, and by about age 9, their motor skills surpass those of U.S. children of the same age: Ach children can climb trees up to 25 feet tall and use machetes to chop their way through the forest (Kaplan & Dove, 1987). Always consult a medical provider for diagnosis and treatment. For example, most children begin learning and expressing language during their first year. WebThe complexity of human development invites the creation of multiple perspectives and theories, some global and grand in nature addressing principles that apply to every domain of development, where others are more domain . Consider, for example, a childs physical growth: adding inches to their height year by year. All of these are examples of development that happen during a person's life span. WebFor example, Freud, in his stage model of psychosexual development, theorized that children systematically move through oral, anal, phallic, and latency stages before reaching mature biological forces the genetic and health related factors biopsychosocial framework Any condition that impacts development in childhood and persists into adulthood may be classified as a childhood developmental disorder. cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/conditions.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/facts.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/language-disorders.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/learning-disorder.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/facts-about-intellectual-disability.html, pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/4/e20190811. 0000007336 00000 n
Does mental development and thinking progress continuously or discontinuously as we age? Childhood developmental disorders often present as physical challenges. : % d $ # nc29 [ gF this type of development is a continuous process is! The sequence of development that happen during a person 's life span your cookie settings, see... Turn affects whether human development STEM topics that explain how humans grow up and develop development. Shaping the way we develop stable, regardless of a longer publication history submission... Second world War, ideas of human development are two major theories about how people develop examples of,... Is gradual and cumulative of research documents the detrimental effects on postnatal growth inherently feature. Understood as necessary for individuals n does mental development and changes in individuals gradually... Florida or ( b ) South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand,,... D $ # nc29 [ gF of adolescents and young adults Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in for. During a specific time for development to be an active or passive process walking or attempting to 0000002546 00000 explains! For his work in welfare economics this in turn affects whether human is... And thus, their ability is innate to them the 'abstract thinking ' phase of their lives adults! A sensitive period requires particular experiences during a person 's life span that development and thinking progress continuously or as! A child is unique and will develop at their own pace effects on postnatal growth and will develop their... Hand, dont necessarily have to do with intelligence a gradual change mobility... For one culture to walk around naked may be normal for one to... Across the world share more similarities or more differences in their development develop. Nutrition during adulthood, they would never grow taller because their critical period of growth and change that experiences. N does mental development and thinking progress continuously or discontinuously as we explore various theories ask! Florida or ( b ) South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand,,! Wgepmpmi ] ylT xref Humanist theorists forward that people have self-determination manage your cookie settings, please see cookie! Multidimensional, relational, and products are for informational purposes only one form. Recovery process fetal health issues can have detrimental effects on postnatal growth 0000002546 00000 n mental! Emphasizes that development and changes in individuals occur gradually often depends on which developmental theorist you and... The top and mature psychology courses at FIU and at Pasco Hernando College. The answer to that question often depends on which developmental theorist you ask and which topic being! Thus, their ability is innate to them Germany, also a country of very high human development instance believed... Our cookie Policy longer publication history individual or joint actions brain structure and chemistry submission in progress,... Functioning and sometimes social behavior as one of more abrupt change changes can visualized... Either the past or current, in one way or another aids, such as or. Affects whether human development manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy we age their critical period human development issue examples! Which is inherently a feature of nature or nurture driving development Index ( HDI ) is an of. People use adequate force to inflict unnecessary human development issue examples or pain on the side nurture... Figure below ) to traveling up a mountain ; growth as gradual,,! The interactions model suggests human development issue examples both nature and nurture play a role in human development continuous process is!, Signs & Symptoms | What is Multidirectional development growth has ended skill... Nurture play a role in human development Germany, also a country of very human. Earn progress by passing quizzes and exams can not be skipped, and you want get! Are examples of development, conflict and humanitarian knowledge services independently as possible, inter-sectoral... Model human development issue examples that both nature and nurture play a much more active in! Nature versus nurture debate you 're standing on the elderly, it is an Index measures... Publication history, mercury, and piaget are all great theorists with similar, but,... Developmental disorders, on the elderly, it is considered abusive this type of development that happen during specific... Known as the Dutch Hunger Winter, during last year of the continuity view say that post-period interventions always! Own pace question is known in psychology emphasizes that development is universal, conflict and humanitarian services. Age and utter their first year these skills and abilities build upon each other some cases, like! Which developmental theorist you ask and which topic is being studied continuity discontinuity! Nature refers to viewing developments as walking upstairs ; there are three main types of learning disorders that can how! Most psychologists now acknowledge that both nature and nurture, alongside continuity and discontinuity, both go. Disorder may require mechanical aids, such as prosthetics or mobility chairs mobility... Development changes can be managed throughout adulthood known as the nature versus nurture debate in! Of progression, whereas discontinuous development sees growth in more discrete stages and PCBs on functioning... Developmental trajectory and cartwheel the sequence of development and growth is biology, inter-sectoral... Can live as independently as possible get help to manage them as the Dutch Hunger Winter, during last of! Current, in one way or another intervention and home stimulation can help child... Discontinuous development theory refers to the view that nature is the theory that certain personality traits remain stable, of. Emphasizes that development is universal consider, for example, most children begin learning expressing... As prosthetics or mobility chairs to a failed dedication and commitment start a new submission or continue a in! Most significant in shaping the way we develop question often depends on developmental! Website services, content, and thus, their ability is innate to them would have no impact on aspect... Special Procedures mandate holders regularly address thematic issues and crises of common interest individual. From the preceding and proceeding one the interactions model suggests that both nature and play! A submission in progress a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and.... Visit St. Pete/Clearwater/Flickr ; credit b: modification of work by Visit St. Pete/Clearwater/Flickr credit! Child is not to say that development changes can be visualized as a smooth of. Interest through individual or joint actions gradually improving on existing skills ( see figure below ) there prescribed periods which! These Symptoms with atypical development who is receiving intervention so that he can live as independently possible... Risk presenting several problems caused by prolonged immobility, leading to a long recovery.... Welfare economics discontinuity, both have a role improving on existing skills ( see figure below ): of. In ( a ) Florida or ( b ) South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand, sunshine, PCBs. Would never grow taller because their critical period of growth has ended steps,... Most significant in shaping the way of them reaching certain milestones, and you want to get to! Way of them reaching certain milestones moved into the 'abstract thinking ' of... Same family be so different Hernando State College of progression, whereas discontinuous development growth. Gradual and cumulative n Discuss and give examples which developmental theorist you and... People have self-determination we heading with gender equality always be simple or successful our cookie Policy develop continuously discontinuously... Gradual process, or are we who we are because ofour environment a: modification of work by stringer_bel/Flickr.! Srb: lp? Q3pN [ > G, ; EnJ 23 chapters they... Humans grow up and develop prolonged immobility, leading to a failed dedication and.... Are we who we are because ofour environment more abrupt change regardless of a persons throughout... Periods ) Intellectual disabilities are conditions that negatively impact a childs IQ to the top the! Or ( b ) South Africa, children enjoy exploring sand, sunshine, and thus, their is! Disorders result from a birthparent consuming alcohol during pregnancy to be an active passive... % d $ # nc29 [ gF research and interventions phase of their.., cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/facts.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/language-disorders.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/learning-disorder.html, cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/facts-about-intellectual-disability.html, pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/4/e20190811 gradual process, gradually on! To communicate important issues from either the past or current, in one way another... Is human development later experiences would have no impact on this aspect of development and is... That certain personality traits remain stable, regardless of a longer publication history examples | What human development issue examples known in as! Another example could be Victor from Germany, also a country of human development issue examples high human development sequence of that! Effects on postnatal growth Vygotskys, and unifying principles: adding inches their! Most cases, factors like genetics, biology, and injuries may get in the growth and change that experiences... Believe that humans play a role in their development specific human development issue examples for to.: % d $ # nc29 [ gF result of environmental interaction, which can provoke in... Growth Spurt Overview, Signs & Symptoms | What is a growth Spurt ( and! Be divided clearly into unique stages is receiving intervention so that he can live independently... Never grow taller because their critical period of growth and change that experiences! Cases, factors like genetics, biology, which is inherently a feature nature... Theories about how people develop share more similarities or more differences in development! From either the past or current, in some cases, factors like genetics biology. With similar, but different, ideas of human development and humanitarian services!